Abstract
The Strawberry Darter Etheostoma fragi is endemic to the Strawberry River drainage in northcentral Arkansas, where its distribution and status have not been assessed since the mid-1990s. A status survey was conducted during the summers of 2015 and 2016. Sixty-four sites were sampled (32 each summer) within the Strawberry River drainage. Sites were surveyed 4 times each using a kick-seine. A total of 236 E. fragi were observed during the study. E. fragi were observed at 24 of 64 sites, including 15 tributary and 9 main stem sites. Strawberry Darters were observed at sites with a median (range) dissolved oxygen of 9.2 (5.7–11.9) mg/L, median stream flow of 0.2 (0.1–0.7) m/s, median pH of 8.1 (6.7–9.4), median water temperature of 22.0 (13.9–29.3) °C, and median depth of 0.2 (0.1–0.7) m. Presence/absence data were analyzed with occupancy modeling, which estimates informed occupancy rate (hereafter, occupancy) and probability of detection. The drainage-wide occupancy (± SE) was 0.41 ± 0.06 and the probability of detection was 0.56 ± 0.06. A reach covariate model fit our data the best (209.81 AICc). This model estimated an occupancy of 0.54 ± 0.09 and a probability of detection of 0.64 ± 0.06 in the upper reach, an occupancy of 0.20 ± 0.11 and a probability of detection of 0.51 ± 0.17 in the middle reach, and an occupancy of 0.39 ± 0.31 and a probability of detection of 0.19 ± 0.16 in the lower reach The drainage-wide occupancy was lower (0.32 difference) than an occupancy based on historical data (0.73 ± 0.11). These results suggest a decline in the status of E. fragi and justify conservation measures to preserve this species.
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Data availability
Distribution data will be input to Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). Covariate data and sampling will be placed into an on-line data repository, i.e. Dryad.
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Acknowledgements
This project and the preparation of this publication was funded in part by the State Wildlife Grants Program Grant # #F14AF00807 (T-48) of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service through an agreement with the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission. All sampling for this project was in cooperation and approval with the University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. We would also like to thank Derek Owens, and Tyler Gray, the technicians who helped collect data for this project, members of the UAPB Fisheries Labs, as well as the numerous volunteers who helped with data collection for this project.
Funding
This project and the preparation of this publication was funded in part by the State Wildlife Grants Program Grant #F14AF00807 (T-48) of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service through an agreement with the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission.
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No code was used in the analyses of these data, the software PRESENCE (https://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/software/presence.html) was used for models.
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Hecke, K.B., Lochmann, S.E. Occupancy and status of the strawberry darter in the Strawberry River drainage of Arkansas, USA. Environ Biol Fish 103, 1481–1493 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-020-01037-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-020-01037-9