Abstract
Submarine groundwater discharge and associated trace element fluxes from the Coleroon River estuary to south bay, India, has been attempted, because increasing trace elements could result in harmful algal blooms and eutrophication. Trace elements (Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sr, Mo, Ba, Pb, Th, and U) in surface water, pore, and groundwater samples were monitored for 10 days in three locations (A, B, and C) by considering tidal fluctuations. The trace elements Al, Cr, Fe, Ni, Zn, Sr, Mo, Pb, Th, and U were greater and found to be influenced by processes, such as fresh groundwater discharge and seawater intrusion. Lower Mn, Cu, and Ba signifies impact due to sediment adsorption, mixing, and elemental exchange during fresh groundwater and seawater mixing. Salinity versus trace element plot infers greater trace element mobility with cumulative salinity influenced by the conformist behavior of freshwater, seawater, and mixing. The calculated submarine groundwater discharge supported dissolved trace elements fluxes were 107,047.8 n mol d−1 m−1 for location A, 183,520.2 n mol d−1 m−1 for location B, and 181,474.4 n mol d−1 m−1 for location C, respectively. Variations in dissolved trace elements fluxes are attributed to variations in pH, free redox environment in the aquifer, adsorption or desorption by sediments, and the environmental cycle of marine organisms.
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Abbreviations
- SGD:
-
Submarine groundwater discharge
- TE:
-
Trace element
- STE:
-
Subterranean estuary
- BGL:
-
Below ground level
- SW:
-
Surface water
- GW:
-
Groundwater
- PW2:
-
Pore water 60 cm
- PW4:
-
Pore water 120 cm
- Al:
-
Aluminium
- Ba:
-
Barium
- Cr:
-
Chromium
- Cu:
-
Copper
- Fe:
-
Iron
- Mn:
-
Manganese
- Mo:
-
Molybdenum
- Pb:
-
Lead
- Sr:
-
Strontium
- Th:
-
Thorium
- U:
-
Uranium
- Zn:
-
Zinc
- FSGD:
-
Fresh SGD
- RSGD:
-
Recirculated SGD
- dTE:
-
Dissolved trace elements
- n mol d− 1 m− 1 :
-
Nano mol per day per meter
- mg L− 1 :
-
Milli gram per litre
- km:
-
Kilo meter
- m:
-
Meter
- mm y− 1 :
-
Milli meter per year
- °C:
-
Degree Celsius
- L min− 1 :
-
Litre per minute
- μm:
-
Micro meter
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank Prof. S. Balakrishnan, Department of Earth sciences, Pondicherry University for his guidance and support in trace elemental analysis. They also thank G. Rahul, Pondicherry University, for help with statistical inferences. The comments and critical review of this work by two anonymous reviewers and editor are greatly appreciated.
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Prakash, R., Srinivasamoorthy, K., Sundarapandian, S.M. et al. Submarine Groundwater Discharge from an Urban Estuary to Southeastern Bay of Bengal, India: Revealed by Trace Element Fluxes. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 80, 208–233 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-020-00774-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-020-00774-3