Abstract
The effects of the poly (vinyl alcohol): zinc acetate (PVA:AcZn) mass ratio on the morphology and structure of the precursor electrospun fibers as well as the calcination conditions on the morphology and chemical and physical structure of the as-obtained zinc oxide (ZnO) nanofibers are deeply discussed in this work. Initially, precursor nanofibers were obtained through electrospinning, a simple and accessible process for the production of materials in nano- and sub-micrometric scales, of aqueous solution of poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and zinc acetate (AcZn) in the mass ratios PVA:AcZn 1:0.5, 1:1, and 1:2. In the sequence, the precursor nanofibers were calcined (500, 600, and 700 °C, for 2 h in atmospheric air) to obtain the ZnO fibers. The precursor PVA:AcZn and the ZnO fibers were characterized through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetry (TG), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), X-ray scattering spectroscopy (EDS), Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The set of results indicates that the ZnO fibers with the best characteristics (homogeneity in morphology, smaller average diameter, organization of the crystalline structure, among others) were obtained using mass ratio of PVA:AcZn 1:1 and calcination at 600 °C for 2 h in atmospheric air.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The raw/processed data required to reproduce these findings cannot be shared at this time as the data also forms part of an ongoing study.
References
Alexandre N, Ribeiro J, Gärtner A, Pereira T, Amorim I, Fragoso J, Lopes A, Fernandes J, Costa E, Santos-Silva A, Rodrigues M, Santos JD, Maurício AC, Luís AL (2014) Biocompatibility and hemocompatibility of polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel used for vascular grafting—in vitro and in vivo studies. J Biomed Mater Res A 102(12):4262–4275. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.35098
Blachowicz T, Ehrmann A (2020) Recent developments in electrospun ZnO nanofibers: a short review. Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 15:1558925019899682. https://doi.org/10.1177/1558925019899682
Bodke MR, Purushotham Y, Dole BN (2018) Comparative study on zinc oxide nanocrystals synthesized by two precipitation methods. Cerâmica 64:91–96. https://doi.org/10.1590/0366-69132018643692207
Budrugeac P (2008) Kinetics of the complex process of thermo-oxidative degradation of poly (vinyl alcohol). J Therm Anal Calorim 92(1):291–296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-007-8770-8
Cavaliere S (2016) Electrospinning for advanced energy and environmental applications. Available via http://worldcat.org. Accessed 30 Aug 2017
Chamakh M, Ayesh AI, Gharaibeh MF (2020) Fabrication and characterization of flexible ruthenium oxide-loaded polyaniline/poly (vinyl alcohol) nanofibers. J Appl Polym Sci 137(38):49125. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.49125
Costa ACS, Alves HPA, Correa MA, Bohn F, Acchar W (2019) Iron oxide/PVA flexible magnetic tape engineered by microwave combustion and tape casting. Mater Chem Phys 232:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2019.04.027
Das M, Sarkar D (2018) Development of room temperature ethanol sensor from polypyrrole (PPy) embedded in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix. Polym Bull 75(7):3109–3125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-017-2192-y
Ghafari E, Feng Y, Liu Y, Ferguson I, Lu N (2017) Investigating process-structure relations of ZnO nanofiber via electrospinning method. Compos Part B 116:40–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.02.026
Ghafari E, Nantung T, Lu N (2019) An efficient Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanogenerator for energy harvesting in low frequency range. ES Materials & Manufacturing 5:72–77. https://doi.org/10.30919/esmm5f321
Greiner A, Wendorff JH (2007) Electrospinning: a fascinating method for the preparation of ultrathin fibers. Angew Chem Int Ed 46(30):5670–5703. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200604646
Han G, Su Y, Feng Y, Lu N (2019) Approaches for increasing the β-phase concentration of electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofibers. ES Materials & Manufacturing 6:75–80. https://doi.org/10.30919/esmm5f612
Kantürk Figen A, Coşkuner Filiz B (2019) Polymeric and metal oxide structured nanofibrous composites fabricated by electrospinning as highly efficient hydrogen evolution catalyst. J Colloid Interface Sci 533:82–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2018.08.046
Kim J-H, Mirzaei A, Woo Kim H, Kim SS (2019) Combination of Pd loading and electron beam irradiation for superior hydrogen sensing of electrospun ZnO nanofibers. Sensors Actuators B Chem 284:628–637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2018.12.120
La Porta FAT, Carlton A (2020) Emerging research in science and engineering based on advanced experimental and computational strategies, 1st edn. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31403-3
Li D, Xia Y (2004) Electrospinning of nanofibers: reinventing the wheel? Adv Mater 16(14):1151–1170. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200400719
Merritt SR, Exner AA, Lee Z, von Recum HA (2012) Electrospinning and imaging. Adv Eng Mater 14(5):B266–B278. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201180010
Muchuweni E, Sathiaraj TS, Nyakotyo H (2018) Effect of annealing on the microstructural, optical and electrical properties of ZnO nanowires by hydrothermal synthesis for transparent electrode fabrication. Mater Sci Eng B 227:68–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2017.10.006
Mustapha S, Ndamitso MM, Abdulkareem AS, Tijani JO, Shuaib DT, Mohammed AK, Sumaila A (2019) Comparative study of crystallite size using Williamson-Hall and Debye-Scherrer plots for ZnO nanoparticles. Adv Nat Sci Nanosci Nanotechnol 10(4):045013. https://doi.org/10.1088/2043-6254/ab52f7
O'Donnell KL, Oporto-Velásquez GS, Comolli N (2020) Evaluation of acetaminophen release from biodegradable poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and nanocellulose films using a multiphase release mechanism. Nanomaterials (Basel) 10(2):301. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10020301
Oliveira VHB, Rechotnek F, da Silva EP, Marques VS, Rubira AF, Silva R, Lourenço SA, Muniz EC (2020) A sensitive electrochemical sensor for Pb2+ ions based on ZnO nanofibers functionalized by L-cysteine. J Mol Liq 309:113041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113041
Peng S, Zhou M, Liu F, Zhang C, Liu X, Liu J, Zou L, Chen J (2017) Flame-retardant polyvinyl alcohol membrane with high transparency based on a reactive phosphorus-containing compound. R Soc Open Sci 4(8):170512. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170512
Persano L, Camposeo A, Tekmen C, Pisignano D (2013) Industrial upscaling of electrospinning and applications of polymer nanofibers: a review. Macromol Mater Eng 298(5):504–520. https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.201200290
Saveh-Shemshaki N, Bagherzadeh R, Latifi M (2019) Electrospun metal oxide nanofibrous mat as a transparent conductive layer. Org Electron 70:131–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2019.03.034
Sawicka KM, Gouma P (2006) Electrospun composite nanofibers for functional applications. J Nanopart Res 8(6):769–781. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-005-9026-9
Shingange K, Swart HC, Mhlongo GH (2019) H2S detection capabilities with fibrous-like La-doped ZnO nanostructures: a comparative study on the combined effects of La-doping and post-annealing. J Alloys Compd 797:284–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.05.060
Son WK, Youk JH, Lee TS, Park WH (2004) The effects of solution properties and polyelectrolyte on electrospinning of ultrafine poly (ethylene oxide) fibers. Polymer 45(9):2959–2966. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2004.03.006
Thenmozhi S, Dharmaraj N, Kadirvelu K, Kim HY (2017) Electrospun nanofibers: new generation materials for advanced applications. Mater Sci Eng B 217:36–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2017.01.001
Thomas PS, Guerbois JP, Russell GF, Briscoe BJ (2001) FTIR study of the thermal degradation of poly (vinyl alcohol). J Therm Anal Calorim 64(2):501–508. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011578514047
Tian H, Yuan L, Zhou D, Niu J, Cong H, Xiang A (2018) Improved mechanical properties of poly (vinyl alcohol) films with glycerol plasticizer by uniaxial drawing. Polym Adv Technol 29(10):2612–2618. https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.4374
Velázquez-Carriles CA, Carbajal-Arizaga GG, Silva-Jara JM, Reyes-Becerril MC, Aguilar-Uscanga BR, Macías-Rodríguez ME (2020) Chemical and biological protection of food grade nisin through their partial intercalation in laminar hydroxide salts. J Food Sci Technol 57:3252–3258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-020-04356-y
Wang L, Haugen NO, Wu Z, Shu X, Jia Y, Ma J, Yu S, Li H, Chai Q (2019) Ferroelectric BaTiO3@ZnO heterostructure nanofibers with enhanced pyroelectrically-driven-catalysis. Ceram Int 45(1):90–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.09.137
Wang S, Ju J, Wu S, Lin M, Sui K, Xia Y, Tan Y (2020) Electrospinning of biocompatible alginate-based nanofiber membranes via tailoring chain flexibility. Carbohydr Polym 230:115665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115665
Wu H, Kong D, Ruan Z, Hsu P-C, Wang S, Yu Z, Carney TJ, Hu L, Fan S, Cui Y (2013) A transparent electrode based on a metal nanotrough network. Nat Nanotechnol 8(6):421–425. https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2013.84
Xie L, Jiang M, Dong X, Bai X, Tong J, Zhou J (2012) Controlled mechanical and swelling properties of poly (vinyl alcohol)/sodium alginate blend hydrogels prepared by freeze–thaw followed by Ca2+ crosslinking. J Appl Polym Sci 124(1):823–831. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.35083
Xue J, Wu T, Dai Y, Xia Y (2019) Electrospinning and electrospun nanofibers: methods, materials, and applications. Chem Rev 119(8):5298–5415. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00593
Yang X, Shao C, Guan H, Li X, Gong J (2004) Preparation and characterization of ZnO nanofibers by using electrospun PVA/zinc acetate composite fiber as precursor. Inorg Chem Commun 7(2):176–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2003.10.035
Zhang Y, Zhu F, Zhang J, Xia L (2008) Converting layered zinc acetate nanobelts to one-dimensional structured ZnO nanoparticle aggregates and their photocatalytic activity. Nanoscale Res Lett 3(6):201–204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11671-008-9136-2
Zhang J, Lu H, Lu H, Li G, Gao J, Yang Z, Tian Y, Zhang M, Wang C, He Z (2019) Porous bimetallic Mo-W oxide nanofibers fabricated by electrospinning with enhanced acetone sensing performances. J Alloys Compd 779:531–542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.11.269
Zhang T, Gu J, Liu X, Wei D, Zhou H, Xiao H, Zhang Z, Yu H, Chen S (2020) Bactericidal and antifouling electrospun PVA nanofibers modified with a quaternary ammonium salt and zwitterionic sulfopropylbetaine. Mater Sci Eng C 111:110855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2020.110855
Zhao S, Shen Y, Yan X, Zhou P, Yin Y, Lu R, Han C, Cui B, Wei D (2019) Complex-surfactant-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of one-dimensional ZnO nanorods for high-performance ethanol gas sensor. Sensors Actuators B Chem 286:501–511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2019.01.127
Funding
VHBO thanks INOMAT (Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Materiais Complexos Funcionais) and to CAPES-Brazil, the master fellowship. EPS thanks to Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq-Brazil) for her postdoctoral fellowship (Grant # 155981/2018-8). ECM acknowledges the financial support given by CNPq (307429/2018-0), CAPES-Brazil, and Fundação Araucária-Brazil.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Oliveira, V.H.B., da Silva, E.P., de S. Marques, V. et al. Electrospun fibers of poly (vinyl alcohol): zinc acetate (PVA:AcZn) and further ZnO production: evaluation of PVA:AcZn ratio and annealing temperature effects on ZnO structure. J Nanopart Res 22, 322 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-020-05048-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-020-05048-6