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Optimization-Based Fuzzy Energy Management Strategy for PEM Fuel Cell/Battery/Supercapacitor Hybrid Construction Excavator

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Abstract

Fuel cell hybrid electric construction equipment (FCHECE) is known as a promising solution to achieve the goal of energy saving and environment protection. Energy management strategy is a key technology of FCHECE, which splits the energy flow between power sources. This paper presents a novel optimal energy management strategy for a hybrid electric-powered hydraulic excavator system to enhance power performance, power sources lifespan, and fuel economy. As for the proposed powertrain configuration, fuel cell serves as a primary energy source, and supercapacitor and battery are considered as energy storages. The integration of supercapacitor and battery in fuel cell vehicle has advantages of improving power performance and storing the regenerative energy for future usage. An energy management strategy based on fuzzy logic control and a rule-based algorithm is proposed to effectively distribute the power between the three sources and reuse the regenerative energy. Furthermore, the parameters of the fuzzy logic system are optimized using the combination of a backtracking search algorithm which provides a good direction to the global optimal region and sequential dynamic programming as a local search method to fine-tune the optimal solution in order to reduce the hydrogen consumption and prolong the lifetime of the power sources. Simulation results show that the proposed energy management strategy enhances the vehicle performance, improves fuel economy of the FCHECE by 10.919%, increase battery and supercapacitor charge-sustaining capability as well as efficiency of the fuel cell system.

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Abbreviations

BAT:

Battery

BSA:

Backtracking search algorithm

EMS:

Energy management strategy

ERS:

Energy regeneration system

FCHECE:

Fuel cell hybrid electric construction equipment

FCV:

Fuel cell vehicle

GA:

Genetic algorithm

PEMFC:

Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell

SC:

Supercapacitor

SQP:

Sequential quadratic programming

\(C_{dl}\) :

Double-layer capacitance (F)

\(c^{\prime}_{O2}\) :

Hydrogen concentration at the anode/membrane interface \({\text{(mol cm}}^{{ - 3}} {)}\)

\(d_{SQP}\) :

Standard SQP search direction

\(E_{N}\) :

Nernst voltage (V)

\(F\) :

Faraday constant \({\text{(C mol}}^{{ - 1}} {)}\)

\(I_{B}\) :

Battery current (A)

\(I_{FC}\) :

Fuel cell current (A)

\(I_{SC}\) :

Supercapacitor current (A)

\(i_{O}\) :

Output current of the converter (A)

\(i_{L}\) :

Current through the inductor (A)

\(J\) :

Multi-objective cost function

\(J_{i} \,(i = \overline{1,4} )\) :

Single-objective cost functions

\(J_{opt}\) :

Optimal cost function

\(k_{a}\) :

Anode flow constant \({\text{(mol s}}^{{ - 1}} {\text{ atm}}^{{ - 1}} {)}\)

\(k_{c}\) :

Cathode flow constant \({\text{(mol s}}^{{ - 1}} {\text{ atm}}^{{ - 1}} {)}\)

L :

Inductance of the inductor in the DC/DC converter (H)

\(l_{mem}\) :

Membrane thickness (cm)

\(M^{*}\) :

Population size

\(M_{H2}\) :

Molecular weight of hydrogen

\(Mutant\) :

Mutation operator

\(\dot{m}_{H2}\) :

Flowrate of hydrogen (kg/s)

\(N\) :

Number of fuel cells in a stack

\(n_{i} \,\,(i = \overline{1,4} )\) :

Numbers of active membership functions

\(\dot{n}_{H2in}\) :

Hydrogen inlet flowrate \({\text{(mol s}}^{{ - 1}} {)}\)

\(\dot{n}_{O2in}\) :

Oxygen inlet flowrate \({\text{(mol s}}^{{ - 1}} {)}\)

\(n^{*}\) :

Dimension of the variable vector

\(oldP\) :

Historical population

\(P\) :

Target population

\(P_{opt}\) :

Optimal population

\(P_{d}\) :

Power demand (W)

\(P_{d\max }\) :

Maximum value of power demand (W)

\(P_{FC}\) :

Power of a fuel cell stack (W)

\(P_{FC1}\) :

Lower limit of the fuel cell high-efficiency power region

\(P_{FC2}\) :

Upper limit of the fuel cell high-efficiency power region

\(P_{FC\min }\) :

Minimum value of fuel cell stack power

\(P_{FC\max }\) :

Maximum value of fuel cell stack power

\(P_{B}\) :

Power of battery (W)

\(P_{SC}\) :

Power of supercapacitor (W)

\(P_{{{\text{tank}}}}\) :

Tank pressure (atm)

\(P_{BPR}\) :

Back pressure (atm)

\(P_{H2}\) :

Partial pressure of hydrogen (atm)

\(P_{O2}\) :

Partial pressure of oxygen (atm)

\(p_{i} \,(i = \overline{1,5} )\) :

Polynomial coefficient

\(G_{\max 1}\) :

Maximal evolution generation of the BSA

\(G_{\max 2}\) :

Maximal evolution generation of the SQP

\(Q_{MaxB}\) :

Maximum battery capacity (C)

\(Q_{MaxSC}\) :

Maximum supercapacitor capacity (C)

\(R\) :

Universal gas constant \({\text{(J mol}}^{{ - 1}} {\text{ K}}^{{ - 1}} {)}\)

\(R_{FC}\) :

Inertial ohmic resistance of the membrane

\(R_{d}\) :

Sum of the activation resistance and concentration resistance \((\Omega )\)

\(R_{L}\) :

Resistor of the inductor in the DC/DC converter \((\Omega )\)

\(R_{SC}\) :

Supercapacitor internal resistance \((\Omega )\)

\(R_{B}\) :

Battery internal resistance \((\Omega )\)

\(r_{mem}\) :

Membrane resistivity \({{(\Omega cm)}}\)

\(r_{FC}\) :

Percentage of power distribution for the fuel cell

\(r_{B}\) :

Percentage of power sharing between the battery and the supercapacitor

\(SOC_{B}\) :

Battery state of charge

\(SOC_{B\min }\) :

Lower bound of \(SOC_{B}\)

\(SOC_{B\max }\) :

Upper bound of \(SOC_{B}\)

\(SOC_{SC}\) :

Supercapacitor state of charge

\(SOC_{SC\min }\) :

Lower bound of \(SOC_{SC}\)

\(SOC_{SC\max }\) :

Upper bound of \(SOC_{SC}\)

\(s,in_{1} ,in_{2} ,in_{3}\) :

Input variables for fuzzy loops

\(T\) :

Fuel cell temperature (K)

\(t\) :

Time (s)

\(t_{0}\) :

Initial time (s)

\(t_{f}\) :

Final time (s)

\(U_{B}\) :

Battery voltage (V)

\(U_{SC}\) :

Supercapacitor voltage (V)

\(U_{SC\max }\) :

Supercapacitor maximum voltage (V)

\(V_{FC}\) :

Output voltage of a fuel cell stack (V)

\(V_{I}\) :

Input voltage of DC/DC converter (V)

\(V_{O}\) :

Output voltage of DC/DC converter (V)

\(V_{a}\) :

Cathode volume \({\text{(m}}^{{3}} {)}\)

\(V_{c}\) :

Anode volume \({\text{(m}}^{{3}} {)}\)

\(v_{FC}\) :

Output voltage of a single fuel cell (V)

\(v_{ACT}\) :

Activation voltage of fuel cell stack (V)

\(v_{CONC}\) :

Concentration voltage of fuel cell stack (V)

\(v_{O}\) :

Internal ohmic voltage of fuel cell stack (V)

\(x_{l} ,x_{e} ,x_{c}\) :

Left, right, and center parameters of the membership function

\(z\) :

Valence of the ionic species

\(\Delta P_{FC} (t)\) :

Rate of fuel cell power change (W/s)

\(\Delta P_{B} (t)\) :

Rate of battery power change (W/s)

\(\eta\) :

Efficiency of the fuel cell power source

\(\eta_{DC}\) :

Efficiency of the DC/DC converter

\(\kappa\) :

Ratio of output voltage and input voltage of the converter

\(\lambda\) :

Membrane humidity

\(\lambda_{i} \,\,(i = \overline{1,3)}\) :

Weighting factors

\(\xi_{i} \,\left( {i = \overline{1,4} } \right)\) :

Parametric coefficients

\((i_{FC} /A)_{L}\) :

Fuel cell limiting current density \({\text{(A/m}}^{{2}} {)}\)

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Acknowledgements

This research was supported by Basic Science Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea (NRF 2020R1A2B5B03001480).

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  1. Hoang Vu Dao, Xuan Dinh To and Hoai Vu Anh Truong contributed equally to the work

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ulsan, 93, Daehak-ro, Namgu, Ulsan, 680-749, South Korea

    Hoang Vu Dao, Xuan Dinh To, Hoai Vu Anh Truong, Tri Cuong Do, Cong Minh Ho & Tri Dung Dang

  2. School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ulsan, 93, Daehak-ro, Namgu, Ulsan, 680-749, South Korea

    Kyoung Kwan Ahn

  3. Department of Mechatronics, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam

    Tri Dung Dang

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  1. Hoang Vu Dao
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  2. Xuan Dinh To
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  3. Hoai Vu Anh Truong
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  4. Tri Cuong Do
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  5. Cong Minh Ho
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Correspondence to Kyoung Kwan Ahn.

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Dao, H.V., To, X.D., Truong, H.V.A. et al. Optimization-Based Fuzzy Energy Management Strategy for PEM Fuel Cell/Battery/Supercapacitor Hybrid Construction Excavator. Int. J. of Precis. Eng. and Manuf.-Green Tech. 8, 1267–1285 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40684-020-00262-y

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