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Effect of Macro- and Micro-Plastics in Soil on Quantitative Phytochemicals in Different Part of Juvenile Lime Tree (Citrus aurantium)

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Abstract

This study aimed at profiling the quantitative phytochemicals in different parts of juvenile C. aurantium cultivated on different plastic-treated clayey soils in a pot experiment under ambient field condition. Three plastic types, namely polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS) with seven treatment pattern (single LDPE, PP, PS and mixture: LDPE + PP, LDPE + PS, PP + PS, LDPE + PP + PS) in soil matrix (1% w/w) were experimentally formulated for testing. After harvesting at 2, 4, 6 and 8 months, the tree was separated into three parts [i.e.aboveground (leaves, stem) and belowground (root)] and crude extracts of these parts were obtained with alcohol It was observed that phytochemical contents varied with prolong exposure and in different parts of juvenile C. aurantium. Greater negative effect was observed on the root biomass compared to the aerial biomass except for LDPE + PP (0.32) and LDPE + PS (0.76) in macro-size as revealed by the plastic biomass impact factor. Overall, LDPE showed the most negative effects while the least was shown by the plastic mixture of LDPE, PP and PS. Furthermore, microplastics showed greater negative effects compared to macroplastics. The treatments in some cases showed significant differences (p < 0.05) from the control, especially for microplastics. Overall, the presence of plastics (especially microplastics) in agricultural soils could be undesirable, as most of these phytochemicals have vital roles in developments of drugs for diseases.

Article Highlights

  • Low density polyethylene treatment had the highest negative effect on the plant phytochemical.

  • Plastic mixture of low density polyethylene, polypropylene and polystyrene increased phytochemical concentration in the plant higher than control.

  • Effect of plastic treatment was more to the below ground part than the above ground.

  • The phytochemicals correlated strongly suggesting that the treatment had similar effects of the studied phytochemicals.

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Acknowledgement

The authors are grateful to farm owners who allowed the collection of soil and juvenile lime tree from their respective farms.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Group Research in Analytical Chemistry, Environment and Climate Change (GRACE&CC), Imo State University (IMSU), Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria

    Christian Ebere Enyoh & Andrew Wirnkor Verla

  2. Department of Environmental Technology, School of Environmental Science, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B.1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria

    Evelyn Ngozi Verla

  3. Quality Assurance and Control Department, Intercontinental Distillers Limited, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria

    Emmanuel Chinedu Enyoh

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  1. Christian Ebere Enyoh
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  2. Andrew Wirnkor Verla
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Correspondence to Christian Ebere Enyoh.

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Enyoh, C.E., Verla, A.W., Verla, E.N. et al. Effect of Macro- and Micro-Plastics in Soil on Quantitative Phytochemicals in Different Part of Juvenile Lime Tree (Citrus aurantium). Int J Environ Res 14, 705–726 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-020-00292-z

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