Abstract
The transition from a perennial to an annual life cycle, as well as domestication, are expected to increase plant growth and reproduction at the same time that anti-herbivore defences are reduced. Here, we investigated the effects of the life-history transition (the perennial teosinte Zea diploperennis to the annual teosinte Z. mays ssp. mexicana) and domestication of Zea (annual teosinte to the modern maize Z. mays ssp. mays) on direct and indirect defences against the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda. The direct defence of Zea was assessed by larval survival and nutritional indices based on food intake and utilisation. Indirect defence was measured in terms of the olfactory preference of the night-active predatory earwig Doru luteipes for nocturnal herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) from the teosintes and maize. Larval growth and survival were reduced on teosintes relative to maize. Whilst larvae fed on perennial teosinte had lower food intake indices, those on annual teosinte showed lower food utilisation indices relative to maize. The earwig preferred HIPVs emitted by teosintes over those by maize, but it did not discriminate between odours of herbivore-damaged annual and perennial teosinte. The nocturnal HIPV blend from maize contained the lowest total amount of fatty acid derivatives, while it had higher total amounts of terpenes compared to teosintes. Our study shows that the teosintes are better defended than maize in terms of direct and indirect defences; however, the perennial teosinte have stronger direct defences against the fall armyworm than the annual teosinte.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Arodi Prado for technical assistance, Dr. Flavia Franca Teixeira (Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, Germplasm Bank, Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, Brazil) for providing teosinte seeds, and Koen Merkus and Janet W. Reid for English-language editing. We also thank the two reviewers (Dr. Yolanda Chen and an anonymous reviewer) for their valuable comments and suggestions, which improved the quality of our manuscript. This study was supported by the National Institute of Science and Technology (INCT) Semiochemicals in Agriculture (FAPESP and CNPq, grant numbers 2014/50871-0 and 465511/2014-7, respectively). NNG was funded by Estudantes-Convênio de Pós-Graduação (PEC-PG) and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), and DBS by FAPESP (Process 2016/12771-0).
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This research was funded by the National Institute of Science and Technology (INCT) Semiochemicals in Agriculture (FAPESP and CNPq, Grant Numbers 2014/50871-0 and 465511/2014-7, respectively). NNG was funded by Estudantes Convênio de Pós-Graduação (PEC-PG) and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES).
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Conceptualization, NNG and MFGVP; methodology, NNG and MFGVP; performed behavioural experiments and statistical analysis, NNG and DBS; writing, reviewing and editing, NNG, DBS and MFGVP; supervision, JMSB. All authors reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript.
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Naranjo-Guevara, N., Peñaflor, M.F.G.V., Silva, D.B. et al. A comparison of the direct and indirect defence abilities of cultivated maize versus perennial and annual teosintes. Chemoecology 31, 63–74 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00049-020-00329-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00049-020-00329-x