An Optimal Derivative-Free Ostrowski’s Scheme for Multiple Roots of Nonlinear Equations

Abstract

Finding higher-order optimal derivative-free methods for multiple roots $(m\ge 2)$ of nonlinear expressions is one of the most fascinating and difficult problems in the area of numerical analysis and Computational mathematics. In this study, we introduce a new fourth order optimal family of Ostrowski’s method without derivatives for multiple roots of nonlinear equations. Initially the convergence analysis is performed for particular values of multiple roots—afterwards it concludes in general form. Moreover, the applicability and comparison demonstrated on three real life problems (e.g., Continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR), Plank’s radiation and Van der Waals equation of state) and two standard academic examples that contain the clustering of roots and higher-order multiplicity $(m=100)$ problems, with existing methods. Finally, we observe from the computational results that our methods consume the lowest CPU timing as compared to the existing ones. This illustrates the theoretical outcomes to a great extent of this study.

1. Introduction

Obtaining the new higher-order derivative free techniques for the multiple solutions (with known multiplicity $m\ge 2$) of $f\left(x\right)$ ( $f:\mathbb{D}\subset \mathbb{C}\to \mathbb{C}$ a holomorphic map in $\mathbb{D}$ containing the required zero) is one of the robust and difficult issues in the field of numerical analysis and computational mathematics. Finding the derivatives of function/s are either complicated, time consuming or impossible. So, higher-order derivative-free techniques are in high demand and attracting the scholars in this area.

In recent years, some scholars [1,2,3,4,5,6] suggested many derivative free methods that can handle the simple roots for nonlinear equations. No doubts these methods also work for the multiple roots but are impossible for maintaining the same order of convergence unless some changes/modifications are done in their original substeps. Generally, we obtain the linear order of convergence whenever we used simple root finding techniques for the multiple roots of nonlinear equations.

Very recently, some researchers proposed the following optimal fourth-order derivative free techniques for the multiple solutions of nonlinear equations, when the multiplicity m is known in advance.

In 2015, Hueso et al. [7] suggested the flowing fourth-order derivative-free technique for multiple roots

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill y_{\lambda }& =x_{\lambda }-b\frac{f\left(x_{\lambda }\right)}{f[{\mu }_{\lambda },x_{\lambda }]},\hfill \\ \hfill x_{\lambda +1}& =x_{\lambda }-\left(a_1+a_{2}h(y_{\lambda },x_{\lambda })+a_{3}h(x_{\lambda },y_{\lambda })+a_{4}h{(y_{\lambda },x_{\lambda })}^2\right)\frac{f\left(x_{\lambda }\right)}{f[{\mu }_{\lambda },x_{\lambda }]},\hfill \end{array}$$

(1)

where ${\mu }_{\lambda }=x_{\lambda }+f{\left(x_{\lambda }\right)}^q,q\in \mathbb{R}$ with $h(x_{\lambda },y_{\lambda })=\frac{f[y_{\lambda }+f{\left(y_{\lambda }\right)}^q,y_{\lambda }]}{f[x_{\lambda }+f{\left(x_{\lambda }\right)}^q,x_{\lambda }]}$. The scheme (1) attains the optimal fourth-order convergence for $\left\{\begin{array}{cc}& q=1,\mathrm{for}\mathrm{each}m\ge 4\hfill \\ & q\ge 2,\mathrm{for}\mathrm{all}m\ge 2\hfill \end{array}\right\}$, where m is known multiplicity of the required zero.

In 2019, Sharma et al. [8], developed an iteration function [9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16] of optimal fourth-order, which is given by

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill z_{\lambda }& =t_{\lambda }-m\frac{f\left(t_{\lambda }\right)}{f[s_{\lambda },t_{\lambda }]},\hfill \\ \hfill t_{\lambda +1}& =z_{\lambda }-H(x_{\lambda },y_{\lambda })\frac{f\left(t_{\lambda }\right)}{f[s_{\lambda },t_{\lambda }]},\hfill \end{array}$$

(2)

where $s_{\lambda }=t_{\lambda }+\beta f\left(t_{\lambda }\right),x_{\lambda }={\left(\frac{f\left(z_{\lambda }\right)}{f\left(t_{\lambda }\right)}\right)}^{\frac{1}{m}},y_{\lambda }={\left(\frac{f\left(z_{\lambda }\right)}{f\left(s_{\lambda }\right)}\right)}^{\frac{1}{m}}$ and the conditions on H can be found in [8].

In 2020, Sharma et al. [17], proposed the following optimal fourth-order scheme

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill z_{\lambda }& =u_{\lambda }-m\frac{f\left(u_{\lambda }\right)}{f[v_{\lambda },u_{\lambda }]},\hfill \\ \hfill u_{\lambda +1}& =z_{\lambda }-G\left(h_{\lambda }\right)\left(\frac{1}{y_{\lambda }}+1\right)\frac{f\left(u_{\lambda }\right)}{f[v_{\lambda },u_{\lambda }]},\hfill \end{array}$$

(3)

where $v_{\lambda }=u_{\lambda }+\beta f\left(u_{\lambda }\right),x_{\lambda }={\left(\frac{f\left(z_{\lambda }\right)}{f\left(u_{\lambda }\right)}\right)}^{\frac{1}{m}}$ and $y_{\lambda }={\left(\frac{f\left(v_{\lambda }\right)}{f\left(u_{\lambda }\right)}\right)}^{\frac{1}{m}}$, with $h_{\lambda }=\frac{x_{\lambda }}{x_{\lambda }+1}$. In addition, the weight function $G:{\mathbb{C}}^2\to \mathbb{C}$ is an analytic map in the neighborhood of origin and the conditions on G can be found in [17].

Very recently in 2020, Kumar et al. [18], provided an optimal fourth-order derivative free iteration function, which is defined as follows:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill w_{\lambda }& =u_{\lambda }-m\frac{f\left(x_{\lambda }\right)}{f[v_{\lambda },u_{\lambda }]},\hfill \\ \hfill u_{\lambda +1}& =w_{\lambda }-\frac{s_{\lambda }}{{\eta }_1+{\eta }_2{s}_{\lambda }}\frac{f\left(u_{\lambda }\right)}{{\eta }_{3}f[v_{\lambda },u_{\lambda }]+{\eta }_{4}f[w_{\lambda },v_{\lambda }]},\hfill \end{array}$$

(4)

where ${\eta }_1,{\eta }_2,{\eta }_3,{\eta }_4$ are disposable parameters with $v_{\lambda }=x_{\lambda }+\beta f\left(u_{\lambda }\right),s_{\lambda }={\left(\frac{f\left(w_{\lambda }\right)}{f\left(u_{\lambda }\right)}\right)}^{\frac{1}{m}}$.

Moving in the same flow, we intend to develop a new fourth order family of Ostrowski’s method without derivatives for multiple roots of nonlinear equations for the first time. The proposed scheme consumes only three values of the involved function f and attains the optimal order of convergence in the sense of classical Kung–Traub conjecture [19]. Our methods have not only simple body structure but also consume the lowest CPU time as compared to the existing ones. In addition, we propose a main theorem which illustrates the fourth-order convergence when the multiplicity of roots $\left(m\right)$ is known in advance. A numerical exhibition of our scheme is also demonstrated on the real life problems, such as Continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR), Plank’s radiation and Van der Waals equation of state. Moreover, we also consider the root clustering problem and an example with higher order multiplicity $m=100$ in order to demonstrate the behavior of our methods, as compared the earlier methods.

2. Construction of Higher-Order Scheme

Here, we construct an optimal fourth-order family of Ostrowski’s method [20,21] for multiple zeros $(m\ge 2)$ with simple and compact body structure, which is defined by

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill z_{\lambda }& =x_{\lambda }-m\frac{f\left(x_{\lambda }\right)}{f[{\mu }_{\lambda },x_{\lambda }]},\hfill \\ \hfill x_{\lambda +1}& =z_{\lambda }+\frac{(z_{\lambda }-x_{\lambda })(\alpha s_{\lambda }+\beta t_{\lambda })}{1-2s_{\lambda }},\hfill \end{array}$$

(5)

where ${\mu }_{\lambda }=x_{\lambda }+\kappa f\left(x_{\lambda }\right),\kappa \ne 0\in \mathbb{R}$ is any finite real number and $m\ge 2$ is the known multiplicity of the required zero. In addition, $f[{\mu }_{\lambda },x_{\lambda }]$ is finite difference of order one $f[{\mu }_{\lambda },x_{\lambda }]=\frac{f\left({\mu }_{\lambda }\right)-f\left(x_{\lambda }\right)}{{\mu }_{\lambda }-x_{\lambda }}$. Moreover, $s_{\lambda }={\left(\frac{f\left(z_{\lambda }\right)}{f\left(x_{\lambda }\right)}\right)}^{\frac{1}{m}}$ and $t_{\lambda }={\left(\frac{f\left(z_{\lambda }\right)}{f\left({\mu }_{\lambda }\right)}\right)}^{\frac{1}{m}}$ are two multi-valued functions. Suppose their principal analytic branches (see [22]), $s_{\lambda }$ as a principal root given by $s_{\lambda }=exp\left[\frac{1}{m}log\left(\frac{f\left(z_{\lambda }\right)}{f\left(x_{\lambda }\right)}\right)\right]$, with $log\left(\frac{f\left(z_{\lambda }\right)}{f\left(x_{\lambda }\right)}\right)=log\left|\frac{f\left(z_{\lambda }\right)}{f\left(x_{\lambda }\right)}\right|+iarg\left(\frac{f\left(z_{\lambda }\right)}{f\left(x_{\lambda }\right)}\right)$ for $-\pi <arg\left(\frac{f\left(z_{\lambda }\right)}{f\left(x_{\lambda }\right)}\right)\le \pi$. The choice of $arg\left(z\right)$ for $z\in \mathbb{C}$ agrees with that of $log\left(z\right)$ to be employed later in numerical experiments of section. We have an analogous way $s_{\lambda }={\left|\frac{f\left(z_{\lambda }\right)}{f\left(x_{\lambda }\right)}\right|}^{\frac{1}{m}}.exp\left[\frac{1}{m}arg\left(\frac{f\left(z_{\lambda }\right)}{f\left(x_{\lambda }\right)}\right)\right]=O\left(e_{\lambda }\right)$. It is important to note that the proposed scheme (5) deduces the well known Ostrowski’s method for $m=\alpha =1,\beta =0$ and $\kappa \to 0$.

In Theorems 1–3, we illustrate that the constructed scheme (5) attains maximum fourth-order of convergence for all $\kappa \ne 0\in \mathbb{R}$, without adopting any supplementary evaluation of function or its derivative.

Theorem 1.

Suppose $x=\gamma$ (say) is a multiple solution of multiplicity $m=2$ of function f. Consider that function $f:\mathbb{D}\subset \mathbb{C}\to \mathbb{C}$ is an analytic in $\mathbb{D}$ surrounding the required zero γ. Then, the presented scheme (5) has fourth-order convergence, when

$$\alpha =\beta =\frac{1}{2},$$

(6)

and satisfies the following error equation

$$e_{n+1}=-\frac{(2c_1+{\tau }_2)}{32}\left(3c_1{\tau }_2-3c_1^2+4c_2+{\tau }_2^2\right)e_{\lambda }^4+O\left(e_{\lambda }^5\right),\mathit{where}{\tau }_2=\kappa f^{″}\left(\gamma \right).$$

Proof. 

Let us consider that $e_{\lambda }=x_{\lambda }-\gamma$ and $c_k=\frac{2!}{(2+k)!}\frac{f^{(2+k)}\left(\gamma \right)}{f^{\left(2\right)}\left(\gamma \right)},k=1,2,3,4$ are the error in $\lambda$th iteration and asymptotic error constant numbers, respectively. Now, we adopt Taylor’s series expansions for the functions $f\left(x_{\lambda }\right)$ and $f\left({\mu }_{\lambda }\right)$ around $x=\gamma$ with the assumption $f\left(\gamma \right)=f^{\prime }\left(\gamma \right)=0$ and $f^{″}\left(\gamma \right)\ne 0$, which are given by

$$f\left(x_{\lambda }\right)=\frac{f^{{}^{″}}\left(\gamma \right)}{2!}{e}_{\lambda }^2\left(1+c_1{e}_{\lambda }+c_2{e}_{\lambda }^2+c_3{e}_{\lambda }^3+c_4{e}_{\lambda }^4+O\left(e_{\lambda }^5\right)\right)$$

(7)

and

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill f\left({\mu }_{\lambda }\right)=& \frac{f^{{}^{″}}\left(\gamma \right)}{2!}{e}_{\lambda }^2[1+\left({\tau }_2+c_1\right)e_{\lambda }+\frac{1}{4}\left({\tau }_2^2+10{\tau }_2{c}_1+4c_2\right)e_{\lambda }^2+\frac{1}{4}(5{\tau }_2^2{c}_1\hfill \\ \hfill & +6{\tau }_2{c}_1^2+12{\tau }_2{c}_2+4c_3)e_{\lambda }^3+\frac{1}{8}({\tau }_2^3{c}_1+14{\tau }_2^2{c}_1^2+16{\tau }_2^2{c}_2\hfill \\ \hfill & +28{\tau }_2{c}_1{c}_2+28{\tau }_2{c}_3+8c_4)e_{\lambda }^4+O\left(e_{\lambda }^5\right)],\hfill \end{array}$$

(8)

respectively.

By using expressions (7) and (8) in the first substep of scheme (5), we get

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill z_{\lambda }-\gamma =& \frac{1}{4}\left({\tau }_2+2c_1\right)e_{\lambda }^2-\left[\frac{1}{16}{\tau }_2^2-\frac{1}{2}{\tau }_2{c}_1-c_2+\frac{3c_1^2}{4}\right]e_{\lambda }^3+\frac{1}{64}[{\tau }_2^3\hfill \\ \hfill & -10c_1\left({\tau }_2^2+16c_2\right)-20{\tau }_2{c}_1^2+64{\tau }_2{c}_2+72c_1^3+96c_3]e_{\lambda }^4+O\left(e_{\lambda }^5\right).\hfill \end{array}$$

(9)

Expression (9) and Taylor series expansion, leads us to

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill f\left(z_{\lambda }\right)=& \frac{f^{{}^{″}}\left(\gamma \right)}{2!}{e}_{\lambda }^2[\frac{1}{16}{\left({\tau }_2+2c_1\right)}^2{e}_{\lambda }^2-\frac{1}{32}\left({\tau }_2+2c_1\right)\left({\tau }_2^2-8{\tau }_2{c}_1+12c_1^2-16c_2\right)e_{\lambda }^3\hfill \\ \hfill & +\frac{1}{256}(3{\tau }_2^4-4c_1\left(7{\tau }_2^3-48{\tau }_2{c}_2-96c_3\right)+96{\tau }_2^2{c}_2+32c_1^2({\tau }_2^2-32c_2)\hfill \\ \hfill & -80{\tau }_2{c}_1^3+192{\tau }_2{c}_3+464c_1^4+256c_2^2)e_{\lambda }^4+O\left(e_{\lambda }^5\right)].\hfill \end{array}$$

(10)

By adopting the expressions (7), (8) and (10), we obtain

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill s_{\lambda }={\left(\frac{f\left(z_{\lambda }\right)}{f\left(x_{\lambda }\right)}\right)}^{\frac{1}{m}}=& \frac{1}{4}\left({\tau }_2+2c_1\right)e_{\lambda }+\left(\frac{-{\tau }_2^3+4{\tau }_2^2{c}_1-4{\tau }_2{c}_1^2+16{\tau }_2{c}_2-32c_1^3+32c_1{c}_2}{16\left({\tau }_2+2c_1\right)}\right)e_{\lambda }^2\hfill \\ \hfill & +\frac{1}{64}\left({\tau }_2^3-6{\tau }_2^2{c}_1-22{\tau }_2{c}_1^2+56{\tau }_2{c}_2+116c_1^3-208c_1{c}_2+96c_3\right)e_{\lambda }^3+O\left(e_{\lambda }^4\right)\hfill \end{array}$$

(11)

and

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill t_{\lambda }={\left(\frac{f\left(z_{\lambda }\right)}{f\left({\mu }_{\lambda }\right)}\right)}^{\frac{1}{m}}=& \frac{1}{4}\left({\tau }_2+2c_1\right)e_{\lambda }+\left(\frac{-3{\tau }_2^3-4{\tau }_2^2{c}_1-12{\tau }_2{c}_1^2+16{\tau }_2{c}_2-32c_1^3+32c_1{c}_2}{16\left({\tau }_2+2c_1\right)}\right)e_{\lambda }^2\hfill \\ & +\frac{1}{64}\left(7{\tau }_2^3-22{\tau }_2^2{c}_1-14{\tau }_2{c}_1^2+24{\tau }_2{c}_2+116c_1^3-208c_1{c}_2+96c_3\right)e_{\lambda }^3+O\left(e_{\lambda }^4\right).\hfill \end{array}$$

(12)

By using expressions (7)–(12) in the expression (5), we have

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill e_{\lambda +1}=& -\frac{1}{4}(\alpha +\beta -1)\left(2c_1+{\tau }_2\right)e_{\lambda }^2+\frac{1}{16}[(2\beta -1){\tau }_2^2-2c_1{\tau }_2(5\alpha +3\beta -4)+12c_1^2(\alpha +\beta -1)\hfill \\ & -16c_2(\alpha +\beta -1)]e_{\lambda }^3+O\left(e_{\lambda }^4\right).\hfill \end{array}$$

(13)

In order to obtain fourth-order convergence, the coefficient of $e_{\lambda }^2$ and $e_{\lambda }^3$ should be zero simultaneously, which deduces

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill & \alpha +\beta -1=0,\hfill \\ \hfill & 2\beta -1=0,\hfill \\ \hfill & 5\alpha +3\beta -4=0,\hfill \end{array}$$

which further leads us to

$$\alpha =1-\beta ,\beta =\frac{1}{2}.$$

(14)

The asymptotic error constant term is obtained if we insert (14) in (13). Then, we have

$$e_{n+1}=-\frac{(2c_1+{\tau }_2)}{32}\left(3c_1{\tau }_2-3c_1^2+4c_2+{\tau }_2^2\right)e_{\lambda }^4+O\left(e_{\lambda }^5\right).$$

(15)

The expression (15), demonstrates the maximum fourth-order convergence of scheme (5) for $m=2$. □

Theorem 2.

Adopting the same hypotheses of Theorem 1, then the proposed scheme (5) has fourth-order convergence for $m=3$ at $\alpha =1-\beta ,\beta \in \mathbb{R}$. It satisfies the following error equation

$$e_{n+1}=\frac{1}{54}\left[3(\beta -1){\tau }_3+4b_1^2-6b_2\right]b_1{e}_{\lambda }^4+O\left(e_{\lambda }^5\right),\mathit{where}{\tau }_3=\kappa f^{‴}\left(\gamma \right).$$

Proof. 

We adopt Taylor’s series expansions for the functions $f\left(x_{\lambda }\right)$ and $f\left({\mu }_{\lambda }\right)$ around $x=\gamma$ with the assumption $f\left(\gamma \right)=f^{\prime }\left(\gamma \right)=f^{″}\left(\gamma \right)=0$ and $f^{‴}\left(\gamma \right)\ne 0$, which are defined as follow:

$$f\left(x_{\lambda }\right)=\frac{f^{{}^{‴}}\left(\gamma \right)}{3!}{e}_{\lambda }^3\left(1+b_1{e}_{\lambda }+b_2{e}_{\lambda }^2+b_3{e}_{\lambda }^3+b_4{e}_{\lambda }^4+O\left(e_{\lambda }^5\right)\right)$$

(16)

and

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill f\left({\mu }_{\lambda }\right)=& \frac{f^{{}^{\prime \prime \prime }}\left(\gamma \right)}{3!}{e}_{\lambda }^3\left[1+b_1{e}_{\lambda }+\frac{1}{2}\left({\tau }_3+2b_2\right)e_{\lambda }^2+\left(\frac{7}{6}{\tau }_3{b}_1+b_3\right)e_{\lambda }^3+O\left(e_{\lambda }^4\right)\right],\hfill \end{array}$$

(17)

where $b_j=\frac{3!}{(3+j)!}\frac{f^{(3+j)}\left(\gamma \right)}{f^{\left(3\right)}\left(\gamma \right)},j=1,2,3,4$ are asymptotic error constant numbers.

By using expressions (16) and (17) in the first substep of scheme (5), we have

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill z_{\lambda }-\gamma & =\frac{b_1}{3}{e}_{\lambda }^2+\frac{1}{18}\left(3{\tau }_3-8b_1^2+12b_2\right)e_{\lambda }^3+\left(\frac{1}{9}{b}_1\left(2{\tau }_3-13b_2\right)+\frac{16b_1^3}{27}+b_3\right)e_{\lambda }^4+O\left(e_{\lambda }^5\right).\hfill \end{array}$$

(18)

Expression (18) and Taylor series expansion, leads us to

$$f\left(z_{\lambda }\right)=\frac{f^{{}^{‴}}\left(\gamma \right)}{3!}{e}_{\lambda }^3\left[\frac{b_1^3}{27}{e}_{\lambda }^3+\frac{1}{54}{b}_1^2\left(3{\tau }_3-8b_1^2+12b_2\right)e_{\lambda }^4+O\left(e_{\lambda }^5\right)\right].$$

(19)

By adopting the expressions (16), (17) and (19), we obtain

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill t_{\lambda }={\left(\frac{f\left(z_{\lambda }\right)}{f\left({\mu }_{\lambda }\right)}\right)}^{\frac{1}{m}}=& \frac{b_1}{3}{e}_{\lambda }+\frac{1}{18b_1^2}\left(3{\tau }_3{b}_1^2-10b_1^4+12b_2{b}_1^2\right)e_{\lambda }^2+\frac{1}{27}(3{\tau }_3{b}_1+23b_1^3-48b_2{b}_1\hfill \\ \hfill & +27b_3)e_{\lambda }^3+O\left(e_{\lambda }^4\right)\hfill \end{array}$$

(20)

and

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill s_{\lambda }={\left(\frac{f\left(z_{\lambda }\right)}{f\left(x_{\lambda }\right)}\right)}^{\frac{1}{m}}=& \frac{b_1}{3}{e}_{\lambda }+\frac{1}{18b_1^2}\left(3{\tau }_3{b}_1^2-10b_1^4+12b_2{b}_1^2\right)e_{\lambda }^2+\frac{1}{54}(9{\tau }_3{b}_1+46b_1^3\hfill \\ \hfill & -96b_2{b}_1+54b_3)e_{\lambda }^3+O\left(e_{\lambda }^4\right).\hfill \end{array}$$

(21)

By using expressions (16)–(21) in the expression (5), we have

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill e_{\lambda +1}=& -\frac{1}{3}(\alpha +\beta -1)b_1{e}_{\lambda }^2-\frac{(\alpha +\beta -1)}{18}\left(-8b_1^2+12b_2+3\Delta \kappa \right)e_{\lambda }^3+O\left(e_{\lambda }^4\right).\hfill \end{array}$$

(22)

In order to obtain fourth-order convergence, the coefficient of $e_{\lambda }^2$ and $e_{\lambda }^3$ should be zero simultaneously, which deduces

$$\alpha =1-\beta .$$

(23)

The asymptotic error constant term is obtained if we insert (23) in (22). Then, we have

$$e_{n+1}=\frac{1}{54}\left[3(\beta -1){\tau }_3+4c_1^2-6c_2\right]b_1{e}_{\lambda }^4+O\left(e_{\lambda }^5\right).$$

(24)

Hence, we proved that scheme (5) has fourth-order convergence for $m=3$. □

Error for the General Form of the Scheme (5)

Theorem 3.

Adopting the same hypotheses of Theorem 2, the scheme given by (5) is of fourth-order convergence for $m\ge 4$. It converges to the following error equation

$$e_{n+1}=\frac{1}{2m^3}\left[(m+1)s_1^3-2m{s}_1{s}_2\right]e_{\lambda }^4+O\left(e_{\lambda }^5\right).$$

Proof. 

Let us consider that $e_{\lambda }=x_{\lambda }-\gamma$ and $s_j=\frac{m!}{(m+j)!}\frac{f^{(m+j)}\left(\gamma \right)}{f^{\left(m\right)}\left(\gamma \right)},j=1,2,3,4$ are the errors in the $\lambda$th iteration and asymptotic error constant numbers, respectively. Now, we adopt Taylor’s series expansions for the functions $f\left(x_{\lambda }\right)$ and $f\left({\mu }_{\lambda }\right)$ around $x=\gamma$ with the assumption $f\left(\gamma \right)=f^{\prime }\left(\gamma \right)=f^{(m-1)}\left(\gamma \right)=0$ and $f^{\left(m\right)}\left(\gamma \right)\ne 0$, which are given by, respectively,

$$f\left(x_{\lambda }\right)=\frac{f^{\left(m\right)}\left(\gamma \right)}{m!}{e}_{\lambda }^m\left(1+s_1{e}_{\lambda }+s_2{e}_{\lambda }^2+s_3{e}_{\lambda }^3+s_4{e}_{\lambda }^4+O\left(e_{\lambda }^5\right)\right)$$

(25)

and

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill f\left({\mu }_{\lambda }\right)=& \frac{f^m\left(\gamma \right)}{m!}{e}_{\lambda }^m\left[1+\sum _{i=0}^2{\Delta }_i{e}_{\lambda }^{i+1}+O\left(e_{\lambda }^4\right)\right],\hfill \end{array}$$

(26)

where ${\Delta }_i={\Delta }_i(m,f^{\left(m\right)}\left(\gamma \right),\kappa ,s_1,s_2,s_3,s_4)$. For example, the first coefficient explicitly written as ${\Delta }_0=s_1,$${\Delta }_1=s_2$ and ${\Delta }_2=\left\{\begin{array}{cc}& \frac{1}{6}\left(\kappa f^{\left(4\right)}\left(\gamma \right)+6{\Delta }_3\right),m=4\hfill \\ & s_3,m\ge 5\hfill \end{array}\right\}$, etc.

By adopting expressions (25) and (26) in the first substep of scheme (5), we obtain

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill e_{z_{\lambda }}=z_{\lambda }-\gamma & =\frac{s_1}{m}{e}_{\lambda }^2+\frac{1}{m^2}\left(2m{s}_2-(1+m)s_1^2\right)e_{\lambda }^3+\frac{1}{m^3}\left(3m^2{s}_3+{(m+1)}^2{s}_1^3-m(3m+4)s_2{s}_1\right)e_{\lambda }^4\hfill \\ & +O\left(e_{\lambda }^5\right).\hfill \end{array}$$

(27)

The expression (27) and Taylor series expansion, leads us to

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill f\left(z_{\lambda }\right)=& \frac{f^{\left(m\right)}\left(\gamma \right)}{m!}{e}_{z_{\lambda }}^m\left[1+s_1{e}_{z_{\lambda }}+s_2{e}_{z_{\lambda }}^2+s_3{e}_{z_{\lambda }}^3+s_4{e}_{z_{\lambda }}^4+O\left(e_{\lambda }^5\right)\right].\hfill \end{array}$$

(28)

From the expressions (25), (26) and (28), we obtain

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill t_{\lambda }={\left(\frac{f\left(z_{\lambda }\right)}{f\left({\mu }_{\lambda }\right)}\right)}^{\frac{1}{m}}=& \frac{s_1}{m}{e}_{\lambda }+\frac{1}{m^2}\left(2m{s}_2-(m+2)s_1^2\right)e_{\lambda }^2+\frac{1}{2m^3}((2m^2+7m+7)s_1^3-2m(3m+7)s_1{s}_2\hfill \\ & +6m^2{s}_3)e_{\lambda }^3+O\left(e_{\lambda }^4\right)\hfill \end{array}$$

(29)

and

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill s_{\lambda }={\left(\frac{f\left(z_{\lambda }\right)}{f\left(x_{\lambda }\right)}\right)}^{\frac{1}{m}}=& \frac{s_1}{m}{e}_{\lambda }+\left(\frac{2}{m}{s}_2-\frac{(m+2)}{m^2}{s}_1^2\right)e_{\lambda }^2+\frac{1}{2m^3}[(2m^2+7m+7)s_1^3-2m(3m+7)s_1{s}_2\hfill \\ & +6m^2{s}_3]e_{\lambda }^3+\frac{1}{3m^4}[-\left(\frac{11m^2}{2}+\frac{33m}{2}+14\right)s_1^4-12m^2{s}_3{s}_1+3m(6m+11)s_2{s}_1^2\hfill \\ & -6m^2{s}_2^2]e_{\lambda }^4+O\left(e_{\lambda }^5\right).\hfill \end{array}$$

(30)

By using expressions (25)–(30) in the scheme (5), we have

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill e_{\lambda +1}=& -\frac{1}{m}(\alpha +\beta -1)b_1{e}_{\lambda }^2+(\alpha +\beta -1)\frac{\left((m+1)s_1^2-2m{s}_2\right)}{m^2}{e}_{\lambda }^3+O\left(e_{\lambda }^4\right).\hfill \end{array}$$

(31)

In order to obtain fourth-order convergence, the coefficient of $e_{\lambda }^2$ and $e_{\lambda }^3$ should be zero simultaneously, which deduces

$$\alpha =1-\beta .$$

(32)

The asymptotic error constant term is obtained if we insert (32) in (31). Then, we have

$$e_{n+1}=\frac{1}{2m^3}\left[(m+1)s_1^3-2m{s}_1{s}_2\right]e_{\lambda }^4+O\left(e_{\lambda }^5\right).$$

(33)

The expression (33) demonstrates maximum fourth-order convergence for all $\kappa \ne 0\in \mathbb{R}$ and $m\ge 4$, with three different evaluations of function. Hence, our scheme (5) has an optimal convergence order as stated in conjecture given by Kung–Traub. □

Remark 1.

The final body structure of our proposed scheme (5), is given by

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill z_{\lambda }& =x_{\lambda }-m\frac{f\left(x_{\lambda }\right)}{f[{\mu }_{\lambda },x_{\lambda }]},\hfill \\ \hfill x_{\lambda +1}& =z_{\lambda }+\frac{(z_{\lambda }-x_{\lambda })(s_{\lambda }+t_{\lambda })}{2(1-2s_{\lambda })}.\hfill \end{array}$$

(34)

The above scheme (34) satisfies all the hypotheses which are mentioned in Theorems 1–3.

Remark 2.

It seems from expression (33) (for $m\ge 4$) that β and κ have no importance since they do not exist there. However, they appear in the coefficient of $e_{\lambda }^5$ and the calculation of this term is quite hard, lengthy and time consuming. Moreover, we do not need to mention it here because we already attain the maximum order of convergence. On the other hand, κ can be found in the Equation (15) for $m=2$. The β and κ can be found in the expression (24) for $m=3$.

Remark 3.

It is important to note that the proposed scheme (5) deduces the well known Ostrowski’s method for $m=\alpha =1,\beta =0$ and $\kappa \to 0$.

3. Numerical Experimentation

Efficiency and convergence of our proposed scheme for specializations are as follows. We choose the particular values of disposable parameter $\kappa$ as $\left(\kappa =\frac{1}{2}\right)$, $\left(\kappa =\frac{1}{4}\right)$ and $\left(\kappa =\frac{1}{10}\right)$ in scheme (34), known by $PM1$, $PM2$ and $PM3$, respectively. The first three examples (1)–(3) are based on real life problems that have multiple roots for their nonlinear models—e.g., Continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR), Plank’s radiation and Van der Waals equation of state. In example (4), we chose a problem of clustering solutions (where roots are close to each others). In the last example (5), we considered a standard academic problem but with higher multiplicity $m=100$ in order to check the behavior of our schemes on the problem of larger multiplicity of the required roots.

In

Table 1. Absolute errors between iterations ($|x_{\lambda +1}-x_{\lambda }|$) among different iteration functions.

$\mathit{f}\left(\mathit{x}\right)$	$\mathit{\lambda }$	$\mathit{KM}$	$\mathit{SM}1$	$\mathit{SM}2$	$\mathit{SK}1$	$\mathit{SK}2$	$\mathit{PM}1$	$\mathit{PM}2$	$\mathit{PM}3$
$f_1\left(x\right)$	1	$3.1(-3)$	$3.1(-3)$	$3.1(-3)$	$3.1(-3)$	$3.1(-3)$	$3.1(-3)$	$1.6(-3)$	$7.7(-4)$
	2	$2.5(-11)$	$4.2(-11)$	$2.3(-12)$	$1.1(-10)$	$3.2(-11)$	$1.7(-11)$	$1.6(-13)$	$9.7(-15)$
	3	$6.7(-22)$	$1.5(-42)$	$5.9(-24)$	$2.2(-40)$	$1.1(-21)$	$3.3(-22)$	$1.5(-53)$	$2.3(-58)$
	$\rho$	$1.305$	$3.999$	$1.271$	$3.999$	$1.309$	$1.299$	$4.000$	$4.000$
$f_2\left(x\right)$	1	$2.3(-6)$	$2.5(-6)$	$1.9(-6)$	$2.8(-6)$	$1.7(-6)$	$1.7(-6)$	$2.1(-6)$	$2.3(-6)$
	2	$2.8(-27)$	$4.6(-27)$	$1.1(-27)$	$7.9(-27)$	$6.8(-28)$	$6.8(-28)$	$1.9(-27)$	$3.0(-27)$
	3	$6.3(-111)$	$5.1(-110)$	$1.5(-112)$	$5.2(-109)$	$1.8(-113)$	$1.8(-113)$	$1.2(-111)$	$8.8(-111)$
	$\rho$	$4.000$	$4.000$	$4.000$	$4.000$	$4.000$	$4.000$	$4.000$	$4.000$
$f_3\left(x\right)$	1	$2.2(-2)$	$3.3(-2)$	$2.7(-2)$	$3.7(-2)$	$1.9(-2)$	$2.3(-2)$	$2.3(-2)$	$2.3(-2)$
	2	$2.6(-4)$	$1.5(-3)$	$6.7(-4)$	$2.6(-3)$	$1.1(-4)$	$3.4(-4)$	$3.4(-4)$	$3.4(-4)$
	3	$1.9(-11)$	$9.8(-8)$	$2.1(-9)$	$1.3(-6)$	$3.5(-13)$	$8.6(-11)$	$9.2(-11)$	$9.3(-11)$
	$\rho$	$3.676$	$3.115$	$3.417$	$2.834$	$3.822$	$3.584$	$3.581$	$3.580$
$f_4\left(x\right)$	1	$9.0(-4)$	$3.0(-3)$	$1.2(-2)$	$4.7(-3)$	$2.0(-3)$	$9.0(-4)$	$9.0(-4)$	$9.0(-4)$
	2	$7.3(-13)$	$5.2(-10)$	$1.3(-6)$	$5.7(-9)$	$4.9(-11)$	$7.3(-13)$	$7.3(-13)$	$7.3(-13)$
	3	$3.2(-49)$	$4.7(-37)$	$3.4(-12)$	$1.3(-32)$	$1.9(-41)$	$3.2(-49)$	$3.2(-49)$	$3.2(-49)$
	$\rho$	$4.000$	$3.999$	$1.393$	$3.997$	$3.999$	$4.000$	$4.000$	$4.000$
$f_5\left(x\right)$	1	$5.3(-5)$	$2.8(-4)$	$1.6(-3)$	$4.9(-4)$	$1.7(-4)$	$5.3(-5)$	$5.3(-5)$	$5.3(-5)$
	2	$5.2(-18)$	$2.9(-14)$	$1.6(-9)$	$5.6(-13)$	$2.3(-15)$	$5.2(-18)$	$5.2(-18)$	$5.2(-18)$
	3	$5.0(-70)$	$3.3(-54)$	$5.2(-18)$	$9.7(-49)$	$7.9(-59)$	$5.0(-70)$	$5.0(-70)$	$5.0(-70)$
	$\rho$	$4.000$	$4.000$	$1.414$	$4.000$	$4.000$	$4.000$	$4.000$	$4.000$

From the numerical results of the examples (4) and (5), it seems that methods $PM1,PM2$ and $PM3$ have same numerical results. This is happening because we have mentioned here only two significant digits with exponent. We have found in the computational programming that the digits are different after some places. But, we cannot mention all the digits here due to the page restriction. For instance, the actual results of $PM1,PM2$ and $PM3$ in example (4) are $3.177905288(-49)$, $3.174449760(-49)$ and $3.172378076(-49)$ instead of $3.17(-49),3.17(-49)$ and $3.17(-49)$, respectively. Moreover, $PM1,PM2$ and $PM3$ have also different CPU timing in these examples and details can be found in Table 3.

and

Table 2. Contrast on the ground of residual errors (i.e., $\left|f\right(x_{\lambda }\left)\right|$).

$\mathit{f}\left(\mathit{x}\right)$	$\mathit{\lambda }$	$\mathit{KM}$	$\mathit{SM}1$	$\mathit{SM}2$	$\mathit{SK}1$	$\mathit{SK}2$	$\mathit{PM}1$	$\mathit{PM}2$	$\mathit{PM}3$
$f_1\left(x\right)$	1	$2.0(-5)$	$2.0(-5)$	$2.0(-5)$	$2.0(-5)$	$2.0(-5)$	$2.0(-5)$	$5.4(-6)$	$1.3(-6)$
	2	$1.3(-21)$	$3.7(-21)$	$1.1(-23)$	$2.8(-20)$	$2.2(-21)$	$6.3(-22)$	$5.3(-26)$	$2.0(-28)$
	3	$9.5(-43)$	$4.5(-84)$	$7.3(-47)$	$1.1(-79)$	$2.8(-42)$	$2.3(-43)$	$4.6(-106)$	$1.2(-115)$
$f_2\left(x\right)$	1	$8.7(-20)$	$1.1(-19)$	$4.9(-20)$	$1.5(-19)$	$3.5(-20)$	$3.5(-20)$	$6.5(-20)$	$8.7(-20)$
	2	$1.6(-82)$	$6.9(-82)$	$1.1(-83)$	$3.5(-81)$	$2.3(-84)$	$2.3(-84)$	$4.7(-83)$	$1.9(-82)$
	3	$1.8(-333)$	$9.6(-331)$	$2.3(-338)$	$1.0(-327)$	$4.0(-341)$	$4.0(-341)$	$1.3(-335)$	$4.9(-33)$
$f_3\left(x\right)$	1	$2.6(-5)$	$7.5(-5)$	$4.5(-5)$	$1.1(-4)$	$1.7(-5)$	$3.0(-5)$	$3.0(-5)$	$3.0(-5)$
	2	$2.0(-9)$	$6.9(-8)$	$1.4(-8)$	$2.1(-7)$	$3.7(-10)$	$3.4(-9)$	$3.6(-9)$	$3.6(-9)$
	3	$1.1(-23)$	$2.9(-16)$	$1.3(-19)$	$5.2(-14)$	$3.6(-27)$	$2.2(-22)$	$2.6(-22)$	$2.6(-22)$
$f_4\left(x\right)$	1	$3.0(-56)$	$1.3(-45)$	$2.3(-33)$	$6.6(-42)$	$2.0(-49)$	$3.0(-56)$	$3.0(-56)$	$2.9(-56)$
	2	$4.5(-238)$	$6.0(-181)$	$2.3(-113)$	$3.3(-160)$	$1.5(-201)$	$4.5(-238)$	$4.5(-238)$	$4.4(-238)$
	3	$2.7(-965)$	$6.0(-722)$	$1.1(-224)$	$7.0(-633)$	$7.5(-810)$	$2.7(-965)$	$2.7(-965)$	$2.7(-965)$
$f_5\left(x\right)$	1	$1.3(-380)$	$3.5(-308)$	$8.2(-232)$	$8.1(-284)$	$4.0(-329)$	$1.3(-380)$	$1.3(-380)$	$1.3(-380)$
	2	$4.3(-1681)$	$6.7(-1307)$	$2.4(-832)$	$5.9(-1178)$	$6.4(-1416)$	$4.3(-1681)$	$4.3(-1681)$	$4.3(-1681)$
	3	$5.9(-6883)$	$1.1(-5301)$	$1.4(-1681)$	$2.9(-4754)$	$5.1(-5763)$	$5.9(-6883)$	$5.9(-6883)$	$5.9(-6883)$

, we report our findings for several numbers of significant digits (minimum 3000 significant digits) in order to minimize the rounding off errors. In addition, the CPU timing can be found in

Table 3. CPU timing of different iteration functions.

I.M.	Ex. (1)	Ex. (2)	Ex. (3)	Ex. (4)	Ex. (5)	T.T.	A.T.
$KM$	$0.001000$	$0.071049$	$0.001000$	$0.022027$	$0.029004$	$0.12408$	$0.024816$
$SM1$	$0.001001$	$0.056041$	$0.001000$	$0.019013$	$0.028019$	$0.105074$	$0.0210148$
$SM2$	$0.001000$	$0.053054$	$0.001000$	$0.018013$	$0.032011$	$0.105078$	$0.021014$
$SK1$	$0.001000$	$0.057039$	$0.001000$	$0.018013$	$0.029033$	$0.106085$	$0.021217$
$SK2$	$0.001001$	$0.051036$	$0.001001$	$0.019025$	$0.029029$	$0.101092$	$0.0202184$
$PM1$	$0.001000$	$0.051036$	$0.001000$	$0.017012$	$0.027019$	$0.097067$	$0.0194134$
$PM2$	$0.001001$	$0.050047$	$0.001001$	$0.018014$	$0.026022$	$0.096085$	$0.019217$
$PM3$	$0.001000$	$0.050048$	$0.001000$	$0.017024$	$0.026030$	$0.095102$	$0.0190204$

(T.T. and A.T. stand for total time and average time on all five examples, respectively).

, which are obtained by using the command “AbsoluteTiming[]” in $Mathematica9$. Due to the limited paper space, we depicted the value up to two significant digits with their exponents. We adopted $Mathematica9$ with multiple precision arithmetic for calculating the required values. In Table 1 and Table 2, $a(\pm b)$ stands for $a\times {10}^{(\pm b)}$. The configurations of the used computer are given below:

Processor: Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-4790 CPU @ 3.60 GHz

Make: HP

RAM: 8:00 GB

System type: 64-bit-Operating System, x64-based processor.

We consider several existing optimal schemes of fourth-order. Firstly, we compare our methods with an optimal fourth-order derivative free scheme given by Kumar et al. [18], in particular we choose expression (27), which is defined as follows:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill w_{\lambda }& =u_{\lambda }-m\frac{f\left(x_{\lambda }\right)}{f[v_{\lambda },u_{\lambda }]},\hfill \\ \hfill u_{\lambda +1}& =w_{\lambda }-\frac{(m+2)s_{\lambda }}{1-2s_{\lambda }}\frac{f\left(u_{\lambda }\right)}{f[v_{\lambda },u_{\lambda }]+2f[w_{\lambda },v_{\lambda }]}\hfill \end{array}$$

(35)

where $v_{\lambda }=x_{\lambda }+\beta f\left(u_{\lambda }\right),s_{\lambda }={\left(\frac{f\left(w_{\lambda }\right)}{f\left(u_{\lambda }\right)}\right)}^{\frac{1}{m}}$, is denoted by $KM$ (for $\beta =0.5$).

In addition, we compare the same with optimal fourth-order iteration functions developed by Sharma et al. [8], in particular we choose expressions (33) and (35), which are given by

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill z_{\lambda }& =t_{\lambda }-m\frac{f\left(t_{\lambda }\right)}{f[s_{\lambda },t_{\lambda }]},\hfill \\ \hfill t_{\lambda +1}& =z_{\lambda }-\left(m{x}_{\lambda }{y}_{\lambda }+m{x}_{\lambda }^2+(m-1)y_{\lambda }+x_{\lambda }\right)\frac{f\left(t_{\lambda }\right)}{f[s_{\lambda },t_{\lambda }]}\hfill \end{array}$$

(36)

and

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill z_{\lambda }& =t_{\lambda }-m\frac{f\left(t_{\lambda }\right)}{f[s_{\lambda },t_{\lambda }]},\hfill \\ \hfill t_{\lambda +1}& =z_{\lambda }-\left(\frac{x_{\lambda }-y_{\lambda }+m{y}_{\lambda }-m^2{x}_{\lambda }{y}_{\lambda }+2m{x}_{\lambda }{y}_{\lambda }}{-m{x}_{\lambda }+x_{\lambda }^2+1}\right)\frac{f\left(t_{\lambda }\right)}{f[s_{\lambda },t_{\lambda }]},\hfill \end{array}$$

(37)

where $s_{\lambda }=t_{\lambda }+\beta f\left(t_{\lambda }\right),x_{\lambda }={\left(\frac{f\left(z_{\lambda }\right)}{f\left(t_{\lambda }\right)}\right)}^{\frac{1}{m}}$ and $y_{\lambda }={\left(\frac{f\left(z_{\lambda }\right)}{f\left(s_{\lambda }\right)}\right)}^{\frac{1}{m}}$. The above expressions are one of their best schemes claimed by them. In particular, for $\beta =0.5$, we called them $SM1$ and $SM2$, respectively.

Finally, a comparison is given with another optimal fourth-order iterative methods constructed by Kumar et al. [17], in particular we choose methods (M1) and (M3), which are defined by

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill z_{\lambda }& =u_{\lambda }-m\frac{f\left(u_{\lambda }\right)}{f[v_{\lambda },u_{\lambda }]},\hfill \\ \hfill u_{\lambda +1}& =z_{\lambda }-\frac{m{h}_{\lambda }(3h_{\lambda }+1)}{2}\left(\frac{1}{y_{\lambda }}+1\right)\frac{f\left(u_{\lambda }\right)}{f[v_{\lambda },u_{\lambda }]}\hfill \end{array}$$

(38)

and

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill z_{\lambda }& =u_{\lambda }-m\frac{f\left(u_{\lambda }\right)}{f[v_{\lambda },u_{\lambda }]},\hfill \\ \hfill u_{\lambda +1}& =z_{\lambda }-\frac{m{h}_{\lambda }(m-2h_{\lambda })}{2\left(2m{h}_{\lambda }^2-h_{\lambda }(3m+2)+m\right)}\left(\frac{1}{y_{\lambda }}+1\right)\frac{f\left(u_{\lambda }\right)}{f[v_{\lambda },u_{\lambda }]}\hfill \end{array}$$

(39)

where $v_{\lambda }=u_{\lambda }+\beta f\left(u_{\lambda }\right),x_{\lambda }={\left(\frac{f\left(z_{\lambda }\right)}{f\left(u_{\lambda }\right)}\right)}^{\frac{1}{m}}$ and $y_{\lambda }={\left(\frac{f\left(v_{\lambda }\right)}{f\left(u_{\lambda }\right)}\right)}^{\frac{1}{m}}$, with $h_{\lambda }=\frac{x_{\lambda }}{x_{\lambda }+1}$. The above expressions are one of their best schemes claimed by them. For $\beta =0.5$, in paticular, we called them $SK1$ and $SK2$, respectively.

Example 1.

Continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR):

Here, we assume an isothermal continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) problem. Let us consider that components $M_1$ and $M_2$ stand for fed rates to the reactors $B_1$ and $B_2-B_1$, respectively. Then, we obtain the following reaction scheme in the reactor ( for the details see [23]):

$$\begin{array}{c}\hfill M_1+M_2\to B_1\\ \hfill B_1+M_2\to C_1\\ \hfill C_1+M_2\to D_1\\ \hfill C_1+M_2\to E_1\end{array}$$

Douglas [24] studied the above model, when he was designing a simple model for feedback control systems. He converted the above model in to the following mathematical expression:

$$R_{C_1}\frac{2.98(x+2.25)}{(x+1.45){(x+2.85)}^2(x+4.35)}=-1,$$

where $R_{C_1}$ is the gain of proportional controller. Expression (40) is balanced for the negative real values of values of $R_{C_1}$. In particular, by choosing $R_{C_1}=0$, we yield

$$f_1\left(x\right)=x^4+11.50x^3+47.49x^2+83.06325x+51.23266875.$$

(40)

The zeros of function $f_1$ are known as the poles of the open-loop transfer function. The function $f_1$ has four zeros $\gamma =-1.45,-2.85,-2.85,-4.35$. However, our desired one is $\gamma =-2.85$ with multiplicity $m=2$. We assume $x_0=-2.8$ as the starting point for $f_1$.

The results obtained from the Table 1 and Table 2 conclude that our methods perform far better than the existing ones in the terms of difference between two iterations, residual error and computational order of convergence in the case of example 1.

Example 2.

Planck’s radiation problem:

Consider the Planck’s radiation equation that determines the spectral density of electromagnetic radiations released by a black-body at a given temperature, and at thermal equilibrium [25] as

$$G\left(y\right)=\frac{8\pi ch{y}^{-5}}{e^{\frac{ch}{ykT}}-1},$$

where T, y, k, h, and c denote the absolute temperature of the black-body, wavelength of radiation, Boltzmann constant, Planck’s constant, and speed of light in the medium (vacuum), respectively. To evaluate the wavelength y, which results in the maximum energy density $G\left(y\right)$, set $G^{\prime }\left(y\right)=0$. We obtained the following equation

$$\frac{\left(\frac{ch}{ykT}\right)e^{\frac{ch}{ykT}}}{e^{\frac{ch}{ykT}}-1}=5.$$

Further, the nonlinear equation is formulated by setting $x=\frac{ch}{ykT}$ as follows:

$$f_2\left(x\right)={\left(e^{-x}-1+\frac{x}{5}\right)}^3.$$

The exact root is $\gamma =4.96511423174428$ of multiplicity $m=3$ and with this root one can easily find the wave length y form the relation $x=\frac{ch}{ykT}$. The Planck’s problem is tested with initial guess $x_0=5.4$ and computational results are depicted in Table 1 and Table 2.

Example 3.

Van der Waals equation of state:

$$\left(P+\frac{a_1{n}^2}{V^2}\right)(V-n{a}_2)=nRT,$$

describes the nature of a real gas between two gases, namely $a_1$ and $a_2$, when we introduce the ideal gas equations. For calculating the volume V of gases, we need the solution of preceding expression in terms of remaining constants

$$P{V}^3-(n{a}_{2}P+nRT)V^2+{\alpha }_1{n}^{2}V-{\alpha }_1{\alpha }_2{n}^2=0.$$

For choosing the particular values of gases ${\alpha }_1$ and ${\alpha }_2$, we can easily obtain the values for n, P and T. Then, we yield

$$f_3\left(x\right)=x^3-5.22x^2+9.0825x-5.2675.$$

The function $f_3$ has three zeros, and among them $\gamma =1.75$ is a multiple zero of multiplicity $m=2$ and $\gamma =1.72$ is a simple zero. We choose the starting guess $x_0=2$ for the required zero $\xi =1.75$ in $f_3$. The computational results are given in Table 1 and Table 2.

Example 4.

We picked a root clustering problem (the details can be found in Zeng [26]):

$$f_4\left(x\right)={(x-2)}^{15}{(x-4)}^5{(x-3)}^{10}{(x-1)}^{20}.$$

(41)

In the above function, we have four multiple zeros $x=1,2,3$ and 4 and multiplicity of the corresponding zero is $20,15,10$ and 5, respectively. All multiple zeroes are quite close to each other. We chose $x=1$ multiple zero of multiplicity 20 for the computational point of view. The computational results are depicted in Table 1 and Table 2, based on the initial approximation $x_0=0.8$.

Example 5.

We considered another problem in order to test the efficiency of our methods on higher-order multiplicity of the required root, which is given as follows:

$$f_5\left(x\right)={\left({(x-1)}^3-1\right)}^m,m=100.$$

(42)

Equation (42) has a zero $x=2.$ of multiplicity 100. The computational results are mentioned in Table 1 and Table 2, based on the starting point $x_0=2.1$.

4. Concluding Remarks

• This paper suggest a new fourth-order derivative free family of Ostrowski’s method for multiple roots of nonlinear equations.
• There are no doubts that a scheme with weight function has a more general form, such as (2) and (3). However, finding a weight function with some pre-defined conditions is not an easy task. With the help of free disposable parameters, we can easily construct several new iterative schemes. So, by changing the parameter $\kappa$ in our scheme, we can obtain several new derivative-free optimal methods.
• It is worthy to note that our scheme (34), consumes only three different values of the function—i.e., $f\left(x_{\lambda }\right),f\left({\mu }_{\lambda }\right)\mathrm{and}f\left(z_{\lambda }\right)$, at each iteration, without any derivative. Thus, our scheme (34) has optimal fourth-order convergence in sense of the classic Kung–Traub conjecture.
• Our methods have simple body structure as compared to the existing ones.
• We conclude from the numerical experimentation that our methods, $PM1,PM2$ and $PM3$, have at least equal performance as compared to $KM$ but also demonstrate better behavior than $SM1,SM2,SK1$ and $SK2$ in examples 1, 2, 4 and 5. In addition, our methods illustrate far better performance than $KM$ in terms of residual errors and errors among two consecutive iterations (the results can be seen in Table 1 and Table 2) in the case of example 1.
• Our methods consume the lowest CPU time (total and average time on the examples) as compared to all other depicted methods.
• Based on the results in Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3, our methods are more effective and a better alternative to the earlier existing schemes.