Review articleAdvanced cellulose cosmetic facial masks prepared from Myanmar thanaka heartwood
Introduction
Recently, biomass-based cellulose hydrogel has become popular as an advanced material for repairing and regenerating of tissue and organs [1, 2, 3]. Hydrogels consisting of hydrophilic polymer networks can absorb water from 10 to 20% up to thousands of times against the dry weight. In addition, most of the plant biomass composes of about 33% of cellulose as the major component. The biomass polymer is the most abundant renewable resource for sustainable material in an environment and eco-friendly and biocompatible product [4,5]. Thus, as an sustainable issue, the cellulose source to hydrogel films is interesting in several agricultural biomasses and their wastes used from the byproducts. It was reported that their cellulose hydrogel films were converted by researchers [4, 5, 6, 7∗, 8, 9].
It has generally been utilized in Myanmar for thanaka to be most valuable and a precious natural resource in a cosmetic biomass [10] for woman beautification, for example, as thanaka face paste [11]. Both women and men apply grounded thanaka paste on their faces and bodies for the protection from ultraviolet rays, also for its cooling, hydrating, and fresh sensations, because of strong anti-inflammatory, significant antioxidation, mild tyrosinase inhibition, and antibacterial activities [12]. Generally, the bark of thanaka is used for the products such as powder, liquid, and paste [13].Thus, the heartwood usually has been wasted after people commonly use the cream as a paste made from the ground bark of the thanaka plant. Because the heartwood contains biomass-based cellulose, it has become important in the possibility for reproducing to advanced cellulosic materials. Even though such approach in cellulose hydrogel films produced from various biomasses is interesting, no one has prepared an advanced cellulose facial mask from the heartwood of Myanmar thanaka [13,14].Therefore, the aim of this article is highlighted to fabricate the thanaka cellulose hydrogel films and their properties for heartwood in cosmetic facial masks. It has been known for plant-based hydrogels in the applications of cosmetics and toiletries that cellulose hydrogels are widely used in cosmetics and skin preparation products because of their unique properties including biocompatibility, high water content, elasticity, and softness and can be formed from polysaccharides found in natural plants [15,16].
Section snippets
Biomass materials of heartwood of Myanmar thanaka
Thanaka samples were obtained from Pakokku, Pakokku Township, Magway Region, central Myanmar. Figure 1 shows pictures of (a) Thanaka trunk and (b) thanaka heartwood. In the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) observation (for c and d), the border between skin (as indicated by 1) and trunk (as indicated by 2) contained many crystallines imbedded in fibrous cellulosic parts. The size of crystalline was about 10 μm size, and the analysis pattern of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) indicated that the
Preparation of treated cellulosic fibers and hydrogel films
The thanaka bark was removed, and the heartwood was cut into small pieces for the following chemical treatments. Ten grams of the sample was immersed in 500 mL of 4vol% aqueous H2SO4 and stirred for 2 h at 90 °C. After that, the sample was cooled down and washed with water for several times to remove acid residue. Then, the acidically treated sample was filtered and collected. For the alkali treatment, 500 mL of 10 vol% NaOH solution was added to the acidically treated sample and stirred for
Usages of the cellulosic facial mask
For the preparation of the facial mask, 50 g of cellulose solution was poured onto a cotton mask in a tray and steps were done as those of previous procedures. The obtained cellulose facial mask was kept in a bag filled with thanaka extract as an advanced cosmetic facial mask. The usage of the facial mask was followed; firstly, the cellulose facial mask was put on the face and left for 15–20 min as shown in Figure 3 (d). After taking the mask off, the face was washed with water. After applying
Conclusions
This paper described advanced cellulose cosmetic facial masks based on natural thanaka and the heartwood for cellulose. The thanaka heartwood was analyzed and contained the composite of calcium oxalate and fibrous cellulose. For cosmetic facial masks, chemical treatment processes were successfully enable to purify for cellulose, which was used for hydrogel films in the application of cosmetic field. The application of the cellulosic hydrogels was also reviewed. In the cotton facial mask with
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgements
One of the authors, Dr. Cho, would like to thank Prof. Dr. Pho Kaung, Rector of University of Yangon for his permission and would also like to show his gratitude toward Dr. Kazuki Nakasone, Department of Materials Science and Technology, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Japan, for his help and valuable advice. Theauthors also thank Thu Beauty Saloon, Yangon, Myanmar for their help and skin tests.
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