Utilization of straw-based phenolic acids as a biofugicide for a green agricultural production

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiosc.2020.09.007Get rights and content

Highlights

  • Phenolic acids significantly inhibited the growth of Fusarium oxysporum.

  • PAs damaged membrane permeability and caused cytoplasm leakage.

  • F. oxysporum damaged the photosynthetic system of tomato.

  • PAs alleviated the F. oxysporum-related damage to the tomato photosynthetic system.

  • PAs provide a new perspective to increase the value of rice straw.

Phenolic compounds inhibit phytopathogenic fungal infections effectively. In this study, the antifungal effects of rice straw-derived phenolic acids (PAs) against Fusarium oxysporum were investigated. PAs can inhibit hyphal growth and spore germination, and p-coumaric acid (CA) is the main antifungal substance in PAs. PAs could induce the formation of hydrogen peroxide and increase the relative conductivity and extracellular K+ concentration. Observations using Scanning Electron Microscopy, Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy revealed that PAs could damage membrane permeability, which caused cytoplasm leakage. This phenomenon was verified by conductivity and the release of extracellular K+. The chlorophyll fluorescence maps of tomato leaves suggested that F. oxysporum damaged the tomato’ photosynthetic system and that PAs reduced the area infected, thereby alleviating the damage. Moreover, PAs could decrease the disease incidence of tomato fruit. The results confirmed the feasibility of using PAs as a biofungicide and provide a way to increase the value of rice straw.

Section snippets

Preparation of PAs

Milled rice straw (10 g) was added to a 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask containing 100 mL 2 % NaOH (w/w), and this was shaken for 1 h at 60 °C and 100 rpm. Then, the mixture was centrifuged at 7370 × g for 10 min, and the supernatant was collected. The supernatant was acidified to pH 4.0 with 1 M H2SO4 and centrifuged at 7370 × g for 10 min. The residue was removed. Afterwards, an equal volume of ethyl acetate was added, followed by shaking for 30 min at 100 rpm. The organic phase was collected and

Antifungal activities of PAs

Phenolics, important secondary metabolites of plants, have significant impacts on F. oxysporum (6). However, the fungitoxic potentials of phenolics derived from rice straw on F. oxysporum have not been investigated. The rice straw had the following composition (g kg−1 rice straw): 356.8 ± 1.8 glucan; 178.3 ± 1.3 arabinoxylan; 106.3 ± 7.0 ash; 358.6 lignin and other phenolics, as reported by Zheng et al. (24). The ball-milled rice straw was treated with 2 % NaOH to release PAs before

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Special Fund for Agroscientific Research in the Public Interest (No. 201503135-14); Scientific Research Projects of Shanghai Science and Technology Committee (16391902000).

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