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A Coordinated Performance of Power System Operated with Participants in Demand Response Programs Considering Environmental Pollution Constraints

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Abstract

In a re-structured environment, demand response (DR) programs are presented in a new style. The demand response program consists of demand-side management methods which answers to electricity price variations. With advent of electricity markets, the demand-side management programs was introduced into two categories: (1) energy efficiency program, (2) demand response program. This paper studies engagement of participants load in an electricity market having a grid with large and small loads interested to participate in the market, energy storage systems, micro-grids, and distributed generations. In the proposed scheme, it is supposed to have an aggregator which sends demand-side preferences including load curtailment, load shifting, onsite generation, and energy storage systems along with proposed value and prices and all respective system constraints to the independent system operator (ISO). In fact, load aggregators submit aggregated DR offers to the ISO in order to optimize final decisions on aggregators’ DR contributions in wholesale market. The main goal of this paper is to solve the operation problem considering demand-side, system, and pollution and reliability constraints. Compared to other methods, the results indicate that the explicit modeling of customer DR would provide ISOs with more flexible options for scheduling the available energy resources in day-ahead energy markets.

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Abbreviations

I :

Index of generating units

L :

Index of transmission lines

t :

Index of hour

b :

Index of bus

d :

Index of aggregators

T :

Index of time periods

k :

Index of contract numbers

LC:

Abbreviation of load curtailment strategy

LS:

Abbreviation of load shifting strategy

OG:

Abbreviation of onsite generation strategy

ES:

Abbreviation of energy storage strategy

x :

Strategies symbol

\(N_{x}\) :

Set of load reduction contracts of strategy x

\(N_{d}^{x}\) :

Set of x contract for dth aggregator

\(NT\) :

Set of scheduling hours

\(NG\) :

Set of power generations

\(ND\) :

Set of power demands

\(C\) :

Economic coefficient for cost function

\(NG_{b}\) :

Set of generating units connected to bus b

\(ND_{b}\) :

Set of participants of the DR program in bus b

\(NL_{b}\) :

Set of transmission lines connected to bus b

\(LRD_{kd}^{max,x}\) :

Maximum load reduction duration of the kth x contract of strategy x for dth aggregator

\(LRD_{kd}^{min,x}\) :

Minimum load reduction duration of the kth x contract of strategy x for dth aggregator

\(MN_{kd}^{LC}\) :

Maximum number of daily load curtailment

\(T_{kd}^{LR}\) :

Time period of load reduction duration

\(T_{kd}^{SH}\) :

Time period of load shifting duration

\(SC_{kd}^{OG}\) :

Bidding startup cost of kth OG contract

\(RD_{kd}^{OG}\) :

Ramp-down limit of kth OG contract for dth aggregator

\(RU_{kd}^{OG}\) :

Ramp-up limit of kth OG contract for dth aggregator

\(T_{kd}^{on,OG}\) :

Minimum on time of kth OG contract for dth aggregator

\(T_{kd}^{off,OG}\) :

Minimum off time of kth OG contract for dth aggregator

\(\mu_{ekd}^{OG}\) :

Coefficient for emission type e of kth OG contract for dth aggregator

\(\eta_{kd}^{C,ES}\) :

Charge efficiency of kth ES contract for dth aggregator

\(\eta_{kd}^{D,ES}\) :

Discharge efficiency of kth ES contract for dth aggregator

\(RD_{kd}^{ES}\) :

Ramp-down limit of kth ES contract for dth aggregator

\(RC_{kd}^{ES}\) :

Charging ramp of kth ES contract for dth aggregator

\(LR_{dt}^{x}\) :

Scheduled load reduction of x contract for dth aggregator at time t

\(u_{kdt}^{x}\) :

Status of kth x contract for dth aggregator at time t. 1 if the contract is scheduled, 0 otherwise

\(CLR_{kdt}^{x}\) :

Cost function of load reduction of kth x contract for dth aggregator at time t

\(LRIC_{kdt}^{x}\) :

Load reduction initiation cost of kth x contract for dth aggregator at time t

\(z_{kdt}^{x}\) :

Stopping indicator of kth x contract for dth aggregator at time t

\(IC_{kdt}^{x}\) :

Offered load reduction initiation cost of kth x contract for dth aggregator at time t

\(P_{kdt}^{OG}\) :

Real power scheduled of kth OG contract for dth aggregator at time t

\(P_{kdt}^{ES}\) :

Real power scheduled of kth ES contract for dth aggregator at time t

\(LR_{dt}^{x}\) :

Scheduled load reduction of x contract for dth aggregator at time t

\(SU_{kdt}^{OG}\) :

Startup cost of kth x contract for dth aggregator at time t

\(EM_{ekdt}^{OG}\) :

Total emission of type e for kth OG contract of dth aggregator at time t

\(SU E_{ekdt}^{OG}\) :

Startup emission of type e for kth OG contract of dth aggregator at time t

\(E_{kdt}^{ES}\) :

Energy of kth ES contract for dth aggregator at time t

\(SU_{it}\) :

Startup cost of unit i power at time t

\(SD_{it}\) :

Shutdown cost of unit i power at time t

\(SR_{it}\) :

Scheduled spinning reserve of generating unit i at time t

\(I_{it}\) :

Commitment state of unit i power at time t

\(P_{it}\) :

Real power scheduled for generating unit i at time t

\(P_{bt}^{D,nonres}\) :

Non-responsive demand of bus b at time t

\(P_{dt}^{D,eq}\) :

Equivalent load demand of bus b at time t after demand response schedule

\(P_{dt}^{D,agg}\) :

Adjusted demand for dth aggregator at time t

\(f_{it}^{SR}\) :

Bidding capacity cost of generating unit i for providing spinning reserve at time t

\(\theta_{lt}^{S}\) :

Voltage angle of sending-end bus of line l at time t

\(\theta_{lt}^{R}\) :

Voltage angle of receiving-end bus of line l at time t

\(PL_{lt}^{max}\) :

Maximum capacity of line l at time t

\(CL_{kdt}^{ES}\) :

Charge load of kth ES contract for dth aggregator at time t

\(E_{kdt}^{min,ES}\) :

Minimum energy capacity of the kth ES contract for dth aggregator at time t

\(E_{kdt}^{max,ES}\) :

Maximum energy capacity of the kth ES contract for dth aggregator at time t

\(P_{kd}^{max,ES}\) :

Maximum power of the kth ES contract for dth aggregator at time t

\(P_{kdt}^{min,OG}\) :

Minimum power of the kth OG contract for dth aggregator at time t

\(P_{kdt}^{max,OG}\) :

Maximum power of the kth OG contract for dth aggregator at time t

\(SL_{kdt}^{LS}\) :

Shifted load of kth LS contract at time t

\(c_{kdt}^{x}\) :

Price of kth x contract for dth aggregator at time t

\(q_{kdt}^{x}\) :

Quantity of kth x contract for dth aggregator at time t

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Electrical, Biomedical and Mechatronics Engineering, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran

    Payam Qaderi-Baban, Mohamad Dosaranian-Moghadam & Ahmad Fakharian

  2. Electrical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

    Mohamad-Bagher Menhaj

Authors
  1. Payam Qaderi-Baban
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  2. Mohamad-Bagher Menhaj
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  3. Mohamad Dosaranian-Moghadam
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Correspondence to Mohamad Dosaranian-Moghadam.

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Qaderi-Baban, P., Menhaj, MB., Dosaranian-Moghadam, M. et al. A Coordinated Performance of Power System Operated with Participants in Demand Response Programs Considering Environmental Pollution Constraints. J. Electr. Eng. Technol. 16, 15–29 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42835-020-00563-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42835-020-00563-x

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