Abstract
Construction of a conveyance tunnel through rock often induces the ingress of groundwater into the tunnel, a flow that changes both the hydrogeological regime of the tunnel and its environment. To explore this key interaction, a novel modeling approach using the conduit flow process (CFP) is developed that considers both the hydraulic head and the ingress of water from the rock matrix during excavation. The resulting flow values are predicted through an adapted MODFLOW numerical model into which the tunnel is introduced with the aid of the new CFP approach. The CFP approach can simulate both laminar and turbulent flow in the tunnel whether the flow is free surface or pressurized. Several simulations, including one for which the permeability of the tunnel perimeter is assumed to be identical to the hydraulic conductivity of the surrounding rock matrix, are then used to explore the sensitivity of the predicted head and flow conditions to the permeability of the tunnel perimeter. Comparisons of the numerical results with field data from the Kerman Water Conveyance Tunnel in Iran show that the proposed approach accurately predicts the spatial variation of both groundwater ingress and hydraulic head.
Résumé
La construction d’un tunnel dans un massif rocheux induit souvent une pénétration d’eau souterraine dans l’ouvrage, écoulement qui change à la fois le régime hydrogéologique du tunnel et son environnement. Pour explorer cette interaction clé, une nouvelle approche de modélisation utilisant un processus d’écoulement en conduite (PEC) est développée qui prend en compte à la fois la charge hydraulique et la pénétration de l’eau à partir de la matrice rocheuse durant l’excavation. Les valeurs de flux résultantes sont prédites grâce à un modèle numérique adapté de MODFLOW, dans lequel le tunnel est introduit à l’aide de la nouvelle approche PEC. L’approche PEC peut simuler à la fois un écoulement laminaire et un écoulement turbulent dans un tunnel, que l’écoulement soit libre ou sous pression. Plusieurs simulations, incluant celle pour laquelle la perméabilité du périmètre du tunnel est supposée identique à la conductivité hydraulique de la matrice rocheuse environnante, sont ensuite utilisées pour étudier la sensibilité de la charge hydraulique et des conditions d’écoulement prédites à la valeur de la perméabilité du périmètre du tunnel. La comparaison entre les résultats numériques et les données de terrain fournies par le Kerman Water Conveyance Tunnel (Iran) montre que la démarche proposée prédit avec exactitude la variation dans l’espace de la pénétration des eaux souterraines comme celle de la charge hydraulique.
Resumen
La construcción de un túnel de conducción a lo largo de la roca suele inducir la afluencia de agua subterránea al túnel, flujo que cambia tanto el régimen hidrogeológico del túnel como su entorno. Para explorar esta interacción clave, se ha desarrollado un novedoso enfoque de modelización que utiliza el proceso de flujo por conducto (CFP) y que considera tanto la carga hidráulica como la afluencia de agua de la matriz rocosa durante la excavación. Los valores de flujo resultantes se predicen mediante un modelo numérico MODFLOW adaptado en el que se introduce el túnel con la ayuda del nuevo enfoque CFP. El enfoque CFP puede simular tanto el flujo laminar como el turbulento en el túnel, tanto si el flujo es de superficie libre como si está presurizado. A continuación, se utilizan varias simulaciones, incluida una en la que se supone que la permeabilidad del perímetro del túnel es idéntica a la conductividad hidráulica de la matriz rocosa circundante, para explorar la sensibilidad de las condiciones de altura y flujo previstas a la permeabilidad del perímetro del túnel. Las comparaciones de los resultados numéricos con los datos sobre el terreno del Túnel Kerman para el transporte de agua en el Irán muestran que el enfoque propuesto predice con precisión la variación espacial tanto de la afluencia de agua subterránea como de la altura hidráulica.
摘要
穿透岩石运输隧道的建设经常会使地下水进入隧道,这种流动会改变隧道的水文地质结构及其环境。为了探索这种关键的相互作用,开发了一种利用管流(CFP)的新的建模方法,该方法同时考虑了水头和开挖过程中水体从岩体的入口。通过校正的MODFLOW数值模型预测产生的流量,借助新的CFP方法将隧道引入该模型中。 CFP方法可以模拟无压流或增压流隧道中的层流和紊流。然后采用了几种模拟方法,其中包括假定隧道周边渗透率与周围岩石基质的渗透系数相等的模拟,以探讨预测的水头和流量对隧道周边渗透率的敏感性。将数值模拟结果与伊朗Kerman输水隧道的现场数据进行比较,结果表明,该方法可以准确预测地下水入口和水头的空间变化。
Resumo
A construção de um túnel de transporte através da rocha frequentemente induz o ingresso de águas subterrâneas no túnel, um fluxo que muda ambos o regime hidrogeológico do túnel e seu ambiente. Para explorar essa interação-chave, uma nova abordagem de modelagem utilizando o processo de fluxo-conduíte (PFC) é desenvolvida para que considerasse ambas as cargas hidrogeológicas e o ingresso da água da rocha matriz durante a escavação. Os valores de fluxo resultantes são previstos através de um modelo numérico MODFLOW adaptado no qual o túnel é introduzido como auxiliar à nova abordagem PFC. A abordagem PFC pode ser simulada no túnel em ambos fluxos, laminar e turbulento, quando o fluxo for de superfície livre ou pressurizado. Algumas simulações, incluído uma para a qual a permeabilidade do perímetro do túnel é assumida para ser idêntica à condutividade hidráulica dos arredores da rocha matriz, são então utilizadas para explorar a sensibilidade da carga prevista e condições de fluxo para a permeabilidade do perímetro do túnel. Comparações dos resultados numéricos com dados de campo de Túnel de Transporte de Água de Kerman no Irã mostram que a abordagem proposta prevê precisamente a variação espacial de ambos o ingresso de águas subterrâneas e a carga hidráulica.
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The authors would like to convey their gratitude to the two anonymous reviewers for their productive comments and suggestions which improved the paper.
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Gholizadeh, H., Behrouj Peely, A., Karney, B.W. et al. Assessment of groundwater ingress to a partially pressurized water-conveyance tunnel using a conduit-flow process model: a case study in Iran. Hydrogeol J 28, 2573–2585 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-020-02213-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-020-02213-y