Olfaction as a Marker for Dystonia: Background, Current State and Directions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Current Understanding of Dystonia Pathophysiology
3. Involvement of the Basal Ganglia, Cerebellum, and Sensorimotor Cortex in Olfaction
4. Olfactory Deficits in Dystonia: The Current State
5. Olfaction as a Potential Marker for Dystonia: Further Directions
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study | n (%females) | Age in Years | Methods | Results | Conclusion(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Silveira et al. (2009) [158] | D: 16 (56) C: 136 (47) | D: 66.7 ± 6.8 C: 64.9 ± 8.8 | UPSIT | D: 27.6 ± 7.5 C: 29.5 ± 5.3 p > 0.05 | Difference not statistically different |
Vemula et al. (2013) [159] | D: 6 * C: 5 * | not published | UPSIT | D: 25.5 ± 2.9 * C: 33.0 ± 1.1 * p < 0.026 | subgroup has olfactory impairment |
Marek et al. (2018) [160] | CD: 58 (66) C1: 58 (66) C2: 58 (66) | CD: 62.2 ± 11.8 C1: 62.2 ± 11.8 C2: 61.0 ± 12.8 | Sniffin Sticks | TDI score CD: 28.9 ± 5.6 C1: 33.8 ± 5.6 C2: 32.2 ± 5.8 p < 0.001 | impaired olfaction in cervical dystonia age correlated with low olfaction no correlation with motor manifestations |
Herr et al. (2020) [161] | CD: 40 (58) C: 40 (58) | CD: 61.8 ± 10.9 C: 61.6 ± 12.2 | Sniffin Sticks | TDI score CD: 29.5 ± 5.7 C: 33.9 ± 4.9 p < 0.001 | impaired olfaction in cervical dystonia impaired taste in cervical dystonia age correlated with low olfaction no correlation with motor manifestations no correlation with non-motor alterations |
Taste Strips | composite score CD: 9.5 ± 2.2 C: 11.7 ± 2.7 p < 0.001 |
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Herr, T.; Gamain, J.; Fleischmann, R.; Lehnert, B.; Vollmer, M.; Willert, C.; Veit, B.; Stenner, A.; Mueller, J.-U.; Caspers, B.; et al. Olfaction as a Marker for Dystonia: Background, Current State and Directions. Brain Sci. 2020, 10, 727. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10100727
Herr T, Gamain J, Fleischmann R, Lehnert B, Vollmer M, Willert C, Veit B, Stenner A, Mueller J-U, Caspers B, et al. Olfaction as a Marker for Dystonia: Background, Current State and Directions. Brain Sciences. 2020; 10(10):727. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10100727
Chicago/Turabian StyleHerr, Thorsten, Julie Gamain, Robert Fleischmann, Bernhard Lehnert, Marcus Vollmer, Carsten Willert, Birgitt Veit, Andrea Stenner, Jan-Uwe Mueller, Barbara Caspers, and et al. 2020. "Olfaction as a Marker for Dystonia: Background, Current State and Directions" Brain Sciences 10, no. 10: 727. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10100727