Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Indirect learning Hammerstein HPA predistorter for wideband GNSS signals

  • Original Article
  • Published:
GPS Solutions Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Compared with the traditional GPS L1 C/A signal, the existing and emerging new-generation wideband GNSS signals suffer more severe distortions due to the nonlinear characteristics of a high-power amplifier (HPA) in the satellite transmitter. HPA nonlinearity can lead to in-band signal distortion and out-of-band spectral regrowth, which degrade the ranging performance of a GNSS receiver. Researchers have reported power loss, correlation peak asymmetries, lock point bias as well as carrier tracking error caused by the HPA nonlinearity. However, few pre-distortion approaches that compensate for the HPA nonlinear effects have been presented in the GNSS field. We first take BDS-3 B2 asymmetric constant envelope binary offset carrier signal as an example to present the HPA nonlinear effects on wideband GNSS signals. Then, the design principle of a predistorter is investigated, and a Hammerstein predistorter is proposed to eliminate the nonlinear HPA with memory. Finally, we compare the constellation diagram, power spectrum, correlation function, code tracking bias with and without the Hammerstein predistorter. The comparison results demonstrate that a digital predistorter is a potential solution to compensate the HPA nonlinear distortions for wideband GNSS signals. This pre-distortion approach is of great significance that can effectively guarantee the nominal signal quality in space not only during the maintenance of the current GNSSs but also for the future emerging local or global navigation systems.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Chen YB, Kou YH, Zhang ZW (2012) Analog distortion of wideband signal in satellite navigation payload. In: China satellite navigation conference (CSNC) 2012 Proceedings, Guang zhou, China, pp 89–100

  • Dafesh P, Cahn C (2009) Phase-optimized constant-envelope transmission (POCET) modulation method for GNSS signals. In: Proceeding of ION GNSS 2009, institute of navigation, Savannah, GA, September, pp 2860–2866

  • Dong SH, Taewon H (2000) An adaptive pre-distorter for the compensation of HPA nonlinearity. IEEE Trans Broadcast 46(2):152–157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Euns C, Powers EJ (1997) A new Volterra predistorter based on the indirect learning architecture. IEEE Trans Signal Process 45(1):223–227

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilabert PL, Montoro G, Bertran E (2005) On the Wiener and Hammerstein models for power amplifier predistortion. In: 2005 Asia-pacific microwave conference proceedings, Suzhou, China

  • Guo F, Yao Z, Lu M (2016) BS-ACE-BOC: a generalized low-complexity dual-frequency constant-envelope multiplexing modulation for GNSS. GPS Solut 21(2):561–575

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harmon J, Wilson SG (2010) Remote satellite amplifier predistortion using the indirect learning architecture. In: The 2010 military communications conference, San Jose, CA, pp 335–340

  • Huang XF, Hu XL, Tang ZP (2009) Impact of satellite’s high power amplifiers on spectrum of navigation signals and PRN tracking accuracy. Acta Electr Sinica 37(3):640–645

    Google Scholar 

  • Lei D, Zhou GT, Morgan DR, Ma ZX, Kenney JS, Kim J, Giardina CR (2004) A robust digital baseband predistorter constructed using memory polynomials. IEEE Trans Commun 52(1):159–165

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lei D, Raich R, Zhou GT (2002) A Hammerstein predistortion linearization design based on the indirect learning architecture. In: 2002 IEEE international conference on acoustics, speech and signal processing (ICASSP), Orlando, FL, pp 2689–2692

  • Lestarquit L, Artaud G, Issler J-L (2008) AltBOC for dummies or everything you always wanted to know about AltBOC. In: Proceedings of ION GNSS 2008, Institute of Navigation, Savannah, GA, September, pp 961–970

  • Li CH, Liu YX, Mo WH, Ou G (2013) Analysis of the impact of satellite’s high power amplifier on the performance of navigation signals carrier tracking. J Natl Univ Def Technol 35(2):81–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Li X, Geng SM, Ou G, Zhuang ZW (2008) A study on PN code ranging error caused by nonlinear power amplifier. J Navig Univ Def Technol 30(5):49–55

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu MQ, Li WY, Yao Z, Cui XW (2019) Overview of BDS III new signals. J Navig 66(1):19–35

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ma JJ, Yao Z, Lu MQ (2019) An efficiency optimal dual-frequency constant-envelope multiplexing technique for GNSS signals. GPS Solut 23:68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raich R (2004) Nonlinear system identification and analysis with applications to power amplifier modeling and power amplifier predistortion. Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004

  • Soellner M, Kurzhals C, Hechenblaikner G et al (2008) GNSS offline signal quality assessment. In: Proceedings ION GNSS 2008, Institute of Navigation, Savannah, GA, pp 909–920

  • Soellner M, Kohl R, Luetke W et al (2002) The impact of linear and nonlinear signal distortions on Galileo code tracking accuracy. In: Proceedings ION GPS 2002, institute of navigation, Portland, OR, pp 1270–1285

  • Si X, Jin M (2011) A novel adaptive structure for Hammerstein predistorter. J Electr Inf Technol 33(6):1345–1349

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yao Z, Lu M (2017) Signal multiplexing techniques for GNSSs: the principle, progress, and challenges within a uniform framework. IEEE Signal Process 34(5):16–26

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yao Z, Zhang J, Lu M (2016) ACE-BOC: dual-frequency constant envelope multiplexing for satellite navigation. IEEE Trans Aerosp Electr Syst 52(1):466–485

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang JY (2018) Design and evaluation of gnss multi-carrier constant envelope multiplexing signal under non-ideal conditions. Dissertation, Tsinghua University

  • Zhu A, Brasil T (2002) An Adaptive Volterra Predistorter for the Linearization of RF High Power Amplifiers. In: 2002 IEEE MTT-S international microwave symposium digest, Seattle, WA, pp 461–464

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under Grant 61771272.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China

    Ningyan Guo, Zheng Yao & Mingquan Lu

  2. Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Beijing, 100084, China

    Ningyan Guo, Zheng Yao & Mingquan Lu

Authors
  1. Ningyan Guo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Zheng Yao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mingquan Lu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Zheng Yao.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Guo, N., Yao, Z. & Lu, M. Indirect learning Hammerstein HPA predistorter for wideband GNSS signals. GPS Solut 25, 6 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-020-01041-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-020-01041-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation