Abstract
Energy balances are a general fundamental approach for analyzing the heat requirements for metallurgical processes. The formulation of heat balance equations was involved by computing the various components of heat going in and coming out of the oxygen steelmaking furnace. The developed model was validated against the calculations of Healy and McBride. The overall heat losses that have not been analyzed in previous studies were quantified by back-calculating heat loss from 35 industrial data provided by Tata Steel. The results from the model infer that the heat losses range from 1.3% to 5.9% of the total heat input and it can be controlled by optimizing the silicon in hot metal, the amount of scrap added and the post-combustion ratio. The model prediction shows that sensible heat available from the hot metal accounts for around 66% of total heat input and the rest from the exothermic oxidation reactions. Out of 34% of the heat from exothermic reactions, between 20% and 25% of heat is evolved from the oxidation of carbon to carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. This model can be applied to predict the heat balance of any top blown oxygen steelmaking technology but needs further validation for a range of oxygen steelmaking operations and conditions.
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Abbreviations
- C pX :
-
Specific heat of X (kJ/(kg K))
- H Diss_X :
-
Heat of dissolution of X (kJ/kg)
- H HR_X :
-
Heat of reaction of X (kJ/kg)
- H T :
-
Enthalpy at temperature T (kJ/kg)
- H 298 :
-
Enthalpy at 298 K (kJ/kg)
- L :
-
Latent heat (kJ/kg)
- T :
-
Temperature (K)
- T fg :
-
Flue gas temperature (K)
- T HM :
-
Hot metal temperature (K)
- T m :
-
Melting point of steel (K)
- T slag :
-
Slag temperature (K)
- T steel :
-
Steel temperature (K)
- W fg :
-
Mass of flue gas (kg)
- W HM :
-
Mass of hot metal (kg)
- W scrap :
-
Mass of scrap (kg)
- W slag :
-
Mass of slag (kg)
- W steel :
-
Mass of steel (kg)
- w(C)HM :
-
Carbon content of hot metal (%)
- w(C)steel :
-
Carbon content of steel (%)
- w(Fe)HM :
-
Fe content of hot metal (%)
- w(Fe)scrap :
-
Fe content of scrap (%)
- w(Fe)steel :
-
Fe content of steel (%)
- w(Mn)HM :
-
Mn content of hot metal (%)
- w(Mn)steel :
-
Mn content of steel (%)
- w(P)HM :
-
P content of hot metal (%)
- w(P)steel :
-
P content of steel (%)
- w(Si)HM :
-
Si content of hot metal (%)
- w(Si)steel :
-
Si content of steel (%)
- w(CaO):
-
CaO content in slag (%)
- w(FeO):
-
FeO content in slag (%)
- w(MgO):
-
MgO content in slag (%)
- w(MnO):
-
MnO content in slag (%)
- w(P2O5):
-
P2O5 content in slag (%)
- w(SiO2):
-
SiO2 content in slag (%)
- X:
-
Corresponding elements in hot metal or oxides in slag
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Acknowledgements
This research was supported by Tata Steel Europe in the Netherlands, by providing financial, technical assistance and industrial data for validating with the static mass balance model.
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Appendix
Appendix
To calculate the post-combustion ratio, the present study refers to measured values of off-gas provided by Tata Steel, the Netherlands. The air ingress from the hood gap needs to be subtracted from the off-gas data to calculate the exact amount of CO2 in the converter. The CO2 in the converter is calculated using Eq. (16) where OG corresponds to off-gas.
Figure 11 shows the average values of the post-combustion ratio separately calculated for 35 heat sets provided by Tata Steels, the Netherlands. As the values range from 0.10 to 0.14, an average value of 0.12 is considered or assumed for present heat balance calculations.
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Madhavan, N., Brooks, G., Rhamdhani, M. et al. General heat balance for oxygen steelmaking. J. Iron Steel Res. Int. 28, 538–551 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-020-00491-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-020-00491-0