Sequence modeling in zircon double-dating of early Holocene Mt. Erciyes domes (Central Anatolia)

doi:10.1016/j.quageo.2020.101129

Quaternary Geochronology

Volume 61, February 2021, 101129

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2020.101129 Get rights and content

Highlights

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Yılanlı Dağ located within Kayseri metropolis newly identified as a Holocene dome.
•
Petrological, volcanological, and stratigraphic constraints refined (U–Th)/He ages.
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Sequence modeling indicates four nearly-coeval early Holocene Mt. Erciyes eruptions.
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Zircon crystallization ages reveal protracted magmatic activity since ca. 800 ka.
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Eruptive flux of ~0.4 km³/ka similar to neighboring post-collisional Mt. Hasan.

Abstract

Mt. Erciyes (3917 m), the highest stratovolcano in Central Anatolia, Turkey, is considered active based on three recently dated early Holocene dome eruptions that were also correlated with tephras in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. Despite the demonstrated Holocene activity of Mt. Erciyes, the eruptive chronostratigraphy of these events and their hazard potential for the nearby Kayseri metropolitan area (population ~1.4 million) remain poorly constrained. Here, we apply zircon double-dating (ZDD) based on (U–Th)/He thermochronology and U–Th–Pb crystallization ages, where intra-grain crystallization age differences were used for disequilibrium correction. Individual ZDD ages were refined via sequence modeling to reconstruct the eruption timing of four early Holocene domes peripheral to Mt. Erciyes.

Sequence modeling, which incorporated petrological, volcanological, and stratigraphic constraints, yielded the following eruption ages (uncertainties stated at 1σ): 8.8 ± 0.8 ka for stratigraphically directly superimposed Perikartın and Karagüllü, 8.9 ± 0.5 ka for Dikkartın, and 9.4 ± 1.3 ka for previously undated Yılanlı Dağ, located within the perimeter of Kayseri. A model where all four early Holocene domes are assumed to have erupted simultaneously suggests an age of 8.9 ± 0.4 ka. Earlier eruptive phases of Mt. Erciyes were identified by ZDD at ca. 85–88 ka (fall-out deposits and Çarik Tepe lava) and at ca. 105 ka (xenoliths from two peripheral scoria cones).

Zircon crystallization ages reveal protracted magmatic activity beneath Mt. Erciyes since ca. 800 ka, in agreement with dated volcanic activity, and preceding magmatic phases at ca. 2–3 Ma that included the eruption of the widespread Valibaba Tepe Ignimbrite with a U–Pb zircon age of 2.73 ± 0.02 Ma. A volume estimate for the Quaternary edifice of ~300 km³ translates into an integrated long-term eruptive magma flux of ~0.4 km³/ka for post-collisional Mt. Erciyes, within uncertainty of the Late Pleistocene–Holocene flux estimate of >0.1 km³/ka based on dome volumes and eruption ages. The near-synchronous eruptions of a suite of four evolved domes, in three cases with sizable early explosive venting, calls for a hazard assessment that combines the impact of multiple simultaneous eruptions.

Graphical abstract

Introduction

Mt. Erciyes has long been considered an active stratovolcano, in part based on conjectural evidence from antique sources and artefacts (e.g., Roman-era coins putatively showing the erupting volcano; Olmstead et al., 1907), but only recent radiometric dating could demonstrate Holocene eruptions at this Central Anatolian volcanic complex (Friedrichs et al., 2020b; Sarıkaya et al., 2019). Moreover, early Holocene tephras in the Levantine Sea and Black Sea have been correlated with the peripheral Dikkartın, Perikartın, and Karagüllü domes of Mt. Erciyes neighboring Kayseri metropolis (Cullen et al., 2014; Friedrichs et al., 2020; Hamann et al., 2010). Despite this progress, many aspects of the Late Pleistocene and Holocene chronostratigraphy of Mt. Erciyes have remained poorly constrained due to the limited availability of suitable geochronometers, as intermediate to evolved volcanic rocks of Mt. Erciyes lack K-feldspar required for precise Ar/Ar dating, while charcoal for ¹⁴C dating is scarce in Mt. Erciyes volcanic deposits (cf. Sarıkaya et al., 2019).

Here, we employ zircon double-dating (ZDD; Danišík et al., 2017b), a viable dating method for young zircon-bearing volcanic rocks, to constrain the most recent eruptive history of Mt. Erciyes. U–Th–Pb zircon crystallization ages (Friedrichs et al., 2020c) and (U–Th)/He zircon cooling ages (usually recording the eruption in volcanic deposits) are combined for an internal consistency check and to correct for initial ²³⁸U–²³⁰Th disequilibrium and pre-eruptive crystal residence. Where possible, pyroclastic deposits and lavas from the same peripheral domes around the main edifice are dated. In addition, ZDD age sequence modeling that incorporates petrological (zircon crystallization preceding eruption for each unit), volcanological (explosive eruption preceding lava extrusion for each individual dome), and stratigraphic constraints (superposition of pyroclastic deposits of adjacent domes) is applied to refine the timing of events associated with the eruption of the morphologically most pristine volcanic structures of Mt. Erciyes.

Section snippets

Regional setting

Post-collisional volcanism is prevalent in Turkey (e.g., Kuşcu and Geneli, 2010), with one major focus in the Central Anatolian Volcanic Province (CAVP; Fig. 1). The prominent Cappadocian ignimbrites formed here between ca. 10 and ca. 2.5 Ma (Aydar et al., 2012), and cover an area of 20000 km² (Le Pennec et al., 1994). Late Quaternary eruptive activity, in contrast, has been centered in basaltic or compositionally bimodal volcanic fields (e.g., Aydin et al., 2014; Di Giuseppe et al., 2018; Reid

Samples

Thirteen out of 21 Mt. Erciyes samples for which zircon crystallization was dated by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) by Friedrichs et al. (2020c) were selected for (U–Th)/He eruption dating (Table 1). Sample selection strategically targeted morphologically and stratigraphically young units, and to prevent disturbance of ⁴He accumulation by wildfires (Mitchell and Reiners, 2003) or lightning, all samples were excavated from ≥30 cm below the surface if not taken from near-vertical outcrops.

Early Holocene domes

Replicate analyses of individual zircon crystals (n between 8 and 14, Table A.1) yielded uniform (U–Th)/He age populations without any outlier for most Holocene lava samples (Fig. 4). For Perikartın lava (15-KVG-04) and southern Yılanlı Dağ lava (15-KVG-17), one and three outliers were identified, respectively (Table A.1, Fig. 4B, D). For these outliers, a xenocrystic origin is assumed, where excess He remained trapped in the lattice of zircon crystals (Blondes et al., 2007; Schmitt et al., 2011

Early Holocene eruptive resurgence at Mt. Erciyes

A first-order outcome of this study is that previously undated Yılanlı Dağ, located within the perimeter of Kayseri metropolis (Fig. 2), is of early Holocene age as replicated by ZDD eruption ages for two lava samples (Fig. 4D–E). Additionally, ZDD confirms recently published early Holocene eruption ages for Dikkartın, Perikartın, and Karagüllü domes (Fig. 4 and 5; Friedrichs et al., 2020; Sarıkaya et al., 2019). Historic eruptions as suggested based on the interpretation of Roman-era coins and

Conclusions

Early Holocene ZDD eruption ages for four peripheral domes of the Mt. Erciyes stratovolcanic complex were determined, considering intra-grain crystallization age differences for disequilibrium corrections, and further refined by sequence modeling. Modeled eruption ages are 9.4 ± 1.3 ka for Yılanlı Dağ, located within the perimeter of Kayseri metropolis and previously undated, 8.9 ± 0.5 ka for Dikkartın, and 8.8 ± 0.8 ka for the stratigraphically superimposed Perikartın and Karagüllü, where a

Data availability

SIMS U–Th disequilibrium and U–Pb zircon data related to this article can be found at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2020.105113, a Data Article in Data in Brief (Friedrichs et al., 2020c).

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgments

We thank Anne Sturm, Ruby Marsden, Adam Frew, Chris May, and Cameron Scadding for help with zircon separation, He analysis, and dissolution as well as ICP-MS measurements. Janet Harvey provided volume estimates. Comments by M. Akif Sarıkaya are appreciated. This work was supported by DFG (German Research Foundation) grant SCHM2521/3–1, MTA (General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration of Turkey), and a DAAD (German Academic Exchange Service) doctoral scholarship to BF. MD was

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The overall compositional range of both volcanoes is from basaltic to rhyolitic, with predominantly intermediate eruptive products (e.g., Aydar and Gourgaud, 1998; Şen et al., 2003). Their edifice volumes were estimated, accounting for preexisting topography, at ∼130–180 km3 for Mt. Hasan and ∼300 km3 for Mt. Erciyes (Friedrichs et al., 2021, 2020a). Despite these broad tectonic and compositional similarities, both volcanoes have shown different eruptive patterns in their most recent history: whereas Mt. Hasan erupted numerous andesitic to dacitic lava domes and flows as well as block-and-ash-flows and minor Vulcanian fall-out in its summit regions throughout the Late Pleistocene and into the Holocene with a recurrence of ca. 5–15 ka (Friedrichs et al., 2020a; Schmitt et al., 2014), the youngest, nearly-coeval eruptions at Mt. Erciyes produced four dacitic to rhyolitic lava domes with associated fall-out and pyroclastic flow deposits during an early Holocene resurgence at 8.9 ± 0.4 ka (1σ) after a protracted eruptive lull of ca. 80 ka (Friedrichs et al., 2021, 2020b; Sarıkaya et al., 2019).
Contrasting Late Pleistocene–Holocene eruptive behavior observed for Mt. Hasan and Mt. Erciyes, two neighboring stratovolcanic complexes in Central Anatolia, Turkey, poses general questions on the size and nature of magma systems underlying active volcanoes. Here, we complement U–Th–Pb zircon rim and interior crystallization ages for >1000 crystals from these volcanoes with trace element analyses on the same spots to unravel their magmatic histories. Thermochemical modeling of zircon crystallization is applied to quantify contrasting magma recharge and storage regimes.
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Sequence modeling in zircon double-dating of early Holocene Mt. Erciyes domes (Central Anatolia)

Highlights

Abstract

Graphical abstract

Introduction

Section snippets

Regional setting

Samples

Early Holocene domes

Early Holocene eruptive resurgence at Mt. Erciyes

Conclusions

Data availability

Declaration of competing interest

Acknowledgments

J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res.

J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res.

J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res.

Quat. Sci. Rev.

Quat. Geochronol.

Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 349–

Lithos

J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res.

Lithos

J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res.

Earth Planet Sci. Lett.

Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta

Chem. Geol.

J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res.

Quat. Sci. Rev.

Data Br

Quat. Res.

J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res.

J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res.

Geochemistry

Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 351–

Earth Planet Sci. Lett.

J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res.

Quat. Sci. Rev.

Quat. Geochronol.

Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta

Compt. Rendus Geosci.

J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res.

Structure of the crust and African slab beneath the central Anatolian plateau from receiver functions: new insights on isostatic compensation and slab dynamics

Geosphere

ALOS PALSAR_Radiometric_Terrain_Corrected_high_res. Incl. Mater. © JAXA/METI 2008

Ages and glass compositions for paired large-volume eruptions from the Acigöl volcanic complex, Cappadocia (Turkey)

Mediterr. Geosci. Rev.

In the footsteps of Strabon: Mount Erciyes volcano—the roof of Central Anatolia and Sultansazliği basin

Landscapes and landforms of Turkey