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Convenient synthesis of three-dimensional hierarchical CuS@Pd core-shell cauliflowers decorated on nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide for non-enzymatic electrochemical sensing of xanthine

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Abstract

 A novel hybrid with three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical CuS@Pd core-shell cauliflowers decorated on nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide (CuS@Pd/N–RGO) has been prepared by a facile wet-chemical route without utilizing any template molecules and surfactants. The characterization results reveal that the 3D flower-like structure of CuS “core” is composed of interconnecting nanoplates, which is conductive to the loading of Pd nanoparticles’ “shell” and results in the robust interaction between the core and shell for the formation of CuS@Pd cauliflowers. Anchoring such appealing CuS@Pd cauliflowers on the two-dimensional N–RGO can efficaciously inhibit the aggregation of CuS@Pd cauliflowers and accelerate the kinetics of xanthine oxidation. Benefiting from the multi-functional properties and unique morphology, the sensor constructed by CuS@Pd/N–RGO exhibits excellent performance for non-enzymatic detection of xanthine including a wide detection range of 0.7–200.0 μM (0.94 V vs. SCE), a low detection limit of 28 nM (S/N = 3), high reproducibility (relative standard deviation (RSD) = 4.1%), and commendable stability (retained 90% of the initial electrochemical responses after storage for 30 days), which is amongst the best of various electrochemical sensors reported for xanthine assays till date. Reliable and satisfying recoveries (95–105%, RSD ≤ 4.1%) are achieved for xanthine detection in real samples. The inspiring results make the uniquely structural CuS@Pd/N–RGO greatly promising in non-enzymatic electrochemical sensing applications.

A high-performance non-enzymatic xanthine sensor has been constructed by the three-dimensional hierarchical CuS@Pd core-shell cauliflowers decorated on nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide.

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Funding

This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21505035, 51874359, and 21171174), Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Hunan (No. 2020JJ4149 and 2017JJ2007), Scientific Research Projects of Education Department of Hunan Province (No. 18A336 and 19K011), Hunan Provincial Science and Technology Plan Project (No. 2017TP1001), Hengyang City Science and Technology Plan Project (No. 2019jhzx0741), and Environmental Monitoring and Evaluation Center of Hengyang Normal University (No. KYJG1803).

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  1. Ying Cui and Junhua Li contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People’s Republic of China

    Ying Cui & Jiawen Hu

  2. Key Laboratory of Functional Metal-Organic Compounds of Hunan Province, Hunan Province Universities Key Laboratory of Functional Organometallic Materials, College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, 421008, People’s Republic of China

    Ying Cui, Junhua Li & Mengqin Liu

  3. Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People’s Republic of China

    Junhua Li & Dong Qian

  4. Institute of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410114, People’s Republic of China

    Haixia Tong

  5. Cangzhou Dahua Group Co., Ltd, Cangzhou, 061000, People’s Republic of China

    Zeng Liu

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  1. Ying Cui
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Cui, Y., Li, J., Liu, M. et al. Convenient synthesis of three-dimensional hierarchical CuS@Pd core-shell cauliflowers decorated on nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide for non-enzymatic electrochemical sensing of xanthine. Microchim Acta 187, 589 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-020-04570-7

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