Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Carbonate platform evolution of the Tirgan formation during Early Cretaceous (Urgonian) in the eastern Kopet-Dagh Basin, northeast Iran: depositional environment and sequence stratigraphic significance

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Carbonates and Evaporites Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Tirgan formation of the Kopet-Dagh Basin (northeast Iran) represents one of the Urgonian carbonate platforms that were deposited during the Early Cretaceous time in the northern Alpine Tethys and deformed during the Alpine orogeny. In this study, six stratigraphic sections of the shallow-water platform sediments (Tirgan formation) were measured based on microfacies and fauna abundance. Detail study of petrography, fossil content, and sedimentary structures led to the identification of fifteen microfacies belonging to four facies belts including open marine, shoal, protected lagoon, and tidal flat. The sediments of the Tirgan formation exhibit calcareous green algae, abundant ooids, oysters, bryozoans, and crinoids in inner and middle platform ramp facies and planktonic bivalves and sponge spicules in outer-platform facies. Furthermore, the absence of basinal deposits and lack of evaporate evidence point to deposition under warm-temperate and humid climate conditions. Sequence stratigraphy analysis of Tirgan formation led to distinguish a single depositional sequence in all of the sections which are composed of transgressive and highstand systems tracts with sequence boundaries of type II (SB2). The lowermost lower Aptian Tirgan sequence in the study area relatively shows a similar trend in comparison with the global curve. This basin was deepened over time so that shaly and marly sediments of Sarcheshmeh formation were placed over Tirgan conformably and may suggest a drowning event that was likely related to unusual global warming. Last, this study contributes to the better understanding of the high distribution of facies assemblages in the Urgonian carbonate platforms.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Http: deeptimemaps.com/global-series)

Fig. 2

source: author)

Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abbassi N, Alimohammadian H, Shakeri S, Broumand S, Broumand A (2018) Aptian small dinosaur footprints from the Tirgan formation, Kopet-Dagh region, northeastern Iran. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist 80:5–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Adabi MH, Rao CP (1991) Petrographic and geochemical evidence for original aragonite mineralogy of Upper Jurassic carbonates (Mozduran Formation), Sarakhs area. Iran Sediment Geol 72:253–267

    Google Scholar 

  • Adnan A, Shukla UK, Verma A, Shukla T (2015) Lithofacies of transgressive-regressive sequence on a carbonate ramp in Vindhyan basin (Proterozoic): a case of tidal-lat origin from central India. Arab J Geosci 8:6985–7001

    Google Scholar 

  • Afshar-Harb A (1979) The stratigraphy, tectonics and petroleum geology of the Kopet-Dagh region, northern Iran. Unpublished Ph.D thesis, London: Imperial College of Science and Technology, pp 316

  • Afshar-Harb A (1982) Geological map of Sarakhs area. National Iranian Oil Company Geological Division, Tehran

    Google Scholar 

  • Aharipour R (1996) Microfacies and depositional environments of the Tirgan, Sarcheshmeh, Pesteh Ligh and Chehel Kman Formations (Lower Cretaceous and Paleocene) in western Kopet-Dagh Basin. MS thesis, Department of Geology, University of Teacher Education, Tehran

  • Ahr WM (1973) The carbonate ramp: an alternative to the shelf model. GCAGS 23:221–225

    Google Scholar 

  • Alavi M (1991) Sedimentary and structural characteristics of the Paleo-Tethys remnants in northeastern Iran. Geol Soc Am Bull 103:983–992

    Google Scholar 

  • Amir Hassan MH, Boon Sim Y, Peng LC, Abdul Rahman AH (2013) Facies analysis of the uppermost Kubang Pasu formation, Perlis: a wave and storm-inluenced coastal depositional system. Sains Malaysiana 42:1091–1100

    Google Scholar 

  • Armella C, Cabaleri NG, Cagnoni MC, Panarello HO (2013) Early Callovian ingression in southwestern Gondwana. Palaeoenvironmental evolution of the carbonate ramp (Calabozo formation) in southwestern Mendoza, Neuquen basin. Argentina J S Am Earth Sci 45:293–315

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnaud-Vanneau A, Arnaud H (2005) Carbonate facies and microfacies of the lower cretaceous carbonate platforms. In: Adatte T, ArnaudVanneau A, Arnaud H, Blanc-Alétru M-C, Bodin S, Carrio Schaffhauser E, Föllmi KB, Godet A, Raddadi MC, Vermeulen J (eds), The Hauterivian-Lower Aptian sequence stratigraphy from Jura platform to Vocontian Basin: a multidisciplinary approach, Géologie alpine Série Spéciale “Colloques et excursions” N7. pp. 39–68

  • Bachmann M, Hirsch F (2006) Lower Cretaceous carbonate platform of the eastern Levant (Galilee and the Golan Heights): stratigraphy and second-order sea-level change. Cretac Res 27:487–512

    Google Scholar 

  • Bai HQ, Betzler C, Erbacher J, Reolid J, Zuo F (2017) Sequence stratigraphy of upper Jurassic deposits in the North German Basin (Lower Saxony, Suntel Mountains). Facies 63:19

    Google Scholar 

  • Balthasar U, Cusack M (2015) Aragonite-calcite seas-quantifying the gray area. Geology 43:99–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Bassi D, Nebelsick JH (2010) Components, facies and ramps: redefining Upper Oligocene shallow water carbonates using coralline red algae and larger foraminifera (Venetian area, northeast Italy). Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 295:258–280

    Google Scholar 

  • Betzler C, Brachert TC, Braga JC, Martin JM (1997) Nearshore, temperate, carbonate depositional systems (lower Tortonian, Agua Amarga Basin, Southern Spain): implications for carbonate sequence stratigraphy. Sediment Geol 113:27–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Bover-Arnal T, Salas R, Moreno-Bedmar JA, Bitzer K (2009) Sequence stratigraphy and architecture of a late Early-Middle Aptian carbonate platform succession from the western Maestrat Basin (Iberian Chain, Spain). Sediment Geol 219:280–301

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunet MF, Ershov AV, Korotaev MV, Melikhov VN, Barrier E, Mordvintsev DO, Sidorova IP (2017) Late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic evolution of the Amu Darya Basin (Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan). Geolog Soc London 427:56

    Google Scholar 

  • Bucur II, Yarahmadzahi H, Mircescu CV (2019) The Lower Cretaceous Tirgan Formation in the Gelian section (Kopet-Dagh, north Iran): microfacis, microfossil, and their Biostratigraphic significance. Acta Palaeontologica Romniae 15:13–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Burchette T, Wright V (1992) Carbonate ramp depositional systems. Sediment Geol 79:3–57

    Google Scholar 

  • Burchette TP, Wright VP, Faulkner TJ (1990) Oolithic sand body depositional models and geometries, Mississippian of southwest Britain: implication in carbonate ramp settings. Sediment Geol 68:87–115

    Google Scholar 

  • Buryakovsky LA, Chilinger GV, Aminzadeh F (2001) Petroleum Geology of the South Caspian Basin. Gulf Professional Publishing, USA, p 442

    Google Scholar 

  • Carevic I, Taherpour Khalil Abad M, Ljubovic-Obradovic D, Vaziri SH, Mirkovic M, Aryaei AA, Stejic P, Ashouri AR (2013) Comparisons between the Urgonian platform carbonates from eastern Serbia (Carpatho-Balkanides) and northeast Iran (Kopet-Dagh Basin): depositional facies, microfacies, biostratigraphy, palaeoenvironments and palaeoecology. Cretac Res 40:110–130

    Google Scholar 

  • Catuneanu O (2006) Principles of sequence stratigraphy, 1st edn. Elsevier, Amsterdam, p 375

    Google Scholar 

  • Catuneanu O, Abreu V, Bhattacharya JP, Blum MD, Dalrymple RW, Eriksson PG, Fielding CR, Fisher WL, Galloway WE, Gibling MR (2009) Towards the standardization of sequence stratigraphy. Earth Sci Rev 92:1–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Chatalov A (2013) A Triassic homoclinal ramp from the Western Tethyan realm, Western Balkanides, Bulgaria: integrated insight with special emphasis on the Anisian outer to inner ramp facies transition. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 386:34–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Curry BB (1999) An environmental tolerance index for ostracodes as indicators of physical and chemical factors in aquatic habitats. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 148:51–63

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis RA (2012) Tidal signatures and their preservation potential in stratigraphic sequences. In: Davis RA, Dalrymple RW (eds) Principles of tidal sedimentology. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 35–55

    Google Scholar 

  • Duncan DS, Locker SD, Brooks GR, Hine AC, Doyle LJ (2003) Mixed carbonate-silisiclastic inilling of Neogene carbonate shelf valley system: Tampa Bay, West-centeral Florida. Mar Geol 200:125–156

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunham RJ (1962) Classification of carbonate rocks according to depositional textures. In: Ham WE (ed) Classification of carbonate rocks. AAPG 1:108–121

  • Embry AF, Klovan JE (1971) A late Devonian reef tract on northeastern Banks Island, NWT. Bull Can Petrol Geol 19:730–781

    Google Scholar 

  • Flügel F (2010) Microfacies of carbonate rocks analysis, interpretation and application. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Fursich FT, Oschmann W (1986) Storm shell beds of Nanogyra virgula in the Upper Jurassic of France. Neues Jahrbuch Geol Palaontol Monatsh 172:141–161

    Google Scholar 

  • Gheiasvand M, Föllmi KB, Arnaud Vanneau A, Adatte T, Spangenberg J, Ghaderi A, Ashouri AR (2019) New stratigraphic data for the lower Cretaceous Tirgan formation, Kopet-Dagh Basin, NE Iran. Arab J Geosci 12:142–157

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghorbani M (2019) Lithostratigraphy of Iran. Springer Geology, Cham, p 306

    Google Scholar 

  • Haq BU (2014) Cretaceous eustasy revisited. Global Planet Change 113:44–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Haq BU, Hardenbol J, Vail PR (1987) Chronology of fluctuating sea levels since the Triassic. Science 235:1156–1167

    Google Scholar 

  • Hosseinyar G, Moussavi-Harami R, Abdollahie-Fard I, Mahboubi A, Noemani-Rad R, Ebrahimi, MH (2018) Facies analyses and depositional setting of the Lower Cretaceous Shurijeh–Shatlyk Formations in the Kopeh-Dagh–Amu Darya Basin (Iran and Turkmenistan). Geol J 1–15

  • Immel H, Seyed Emami K, Afshar-Harb A (1997) Kreide-Ammoniten aus dem iranischen Teil des Koppeh Dagh (NE Iran). Zitteliana 21:159–190

    Google Scholar 

  • Javanbakh M, Wanas HA, Jafarian A, Shahsavan N, Sahraeyan M (2018) Carbonate diagenesis in the Barremian-Aptian Tirgan formation (Kopet-Dagh Basin, NE Iran): etrographic, geochemical and reservoir quality constraints. J Afr Earth Sci 144:122–135

    Google Scholar 

  • Javanbakht M, Moussavi Harami R, Mahboubi A (2011) Depositional history and sequence stratigraphy of the Tirgan formation (Barremian-Aptian) in the Zavin section, NE Iran. IJES 3:108–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Javanbakht M, Ghazi S, Moussavi-Harami R, Mahboubi A (2013) Depositional history and sequence stratigraphy of Tirgan formation (Barremian-Aptian) in centeral Kopet-Dagh, NE Iran. J Geol Soc India 82:701–711

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalantari A (1969) Foraminifera from the middle Jurassic-Cretaceous successions of Kopet-Dagh region (NE-Iran) [Unpublished PhD thesis]. London University. Exploration and Production Directorate of NIOC, Geological Laboratory Publication, Tehran 3:298

  • Khazaei M (2000) Microfacies analysis and depositional environment of the Tirgan Formation in western Kopet Dagh (southwest of Shirvan-southwest of Bojnord). MS thesis, Department of Geology, Tarbiat-Moallem University, Tehran

  • Khodaei MA (1991) Investigation of facies and sedimentary environment of Tirgan Formation (Hauterivian-Lower Aptain) north eastern of Iran. Located in sedimentary Kopet-Dagh Basin and proposing the facies Model. MS thesis, Department of Geology, University of Teacher Education, Tehran

  • Kidwell SM (1991) Condensed deposits in siliciclastics sequences: expected and observed features. In: Einsele G, Ricken W, Seilacher A (eds) Cycles and events in stratigraphy. Springer, Berlin, pp 682–695

    Google Scholar 

  • Laya JC, Tucker ME (2012) Facies analysis and depositional environments of Permian carbonates of the Venezuelan Andes: Palaeogeographic implications for Northern Gondwana. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 331:1–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Łuczyński P, Skompski S, Kozłowski W (2014) Stromatoporoid beds and flat-pebble conglomerates interpreted as tsunami deposits in the Upper Silurian of Podolia, Ukraine. Acta Geol Pol 64:261–280

    Google Scholar 

  • Miall AD (1997) The geology of stratigraphic sequences. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Molaei M, Vaziri SH, Raisossadat SN, Taherpour-Khalil-Abad M, Taheri J (2019) Late Barremian-early Aptian Ammonites from the Tirgan formation, Kopet-Dagh Sedimentary Basin, NE Iran. J Sci 30:51–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Moussavi-Harami R, Brenner RL (1990) Lower Cretaceous (Neocomian) fluvial deposits in eastern Kopet Dagh Basin, northeastern Iran. Cretac Res 11:163–174

    Google Scholar 

  • Moussavi-Harami R, Brenner RL (1992) Geohistory analysis, petroleum reservoir characteristics of lower Cretaceous (Neocomian) sandstones, eastern Kopet Dagh Basin, northeastern Iran. AAPG 76:1200–1208

    Google Scholar 

  • Moussavi-Harami R, Brenner RL (1993) Diagenesis of non-marine petroleum reservoirs: the Neocomian (lower Cretaceous) Shurijeh formation, Kopet Dagh Basin, NE Iran. J Petrol Geol 16:55–72

    Google Scholar 

  • Nasiri Y, Moussavi-Harami R, Mahboubi A, Mosaddegh H (2019) Sequence stratigraphic significance of shell concentrations in the Mobarak formation (Mississippian), Aloborz Zone, Northern Iran. N Jb Geol Palaont Abh 2:171–195

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson CS, Keane SL, Head PS (1988) Non-tropical carbonate deposits on the modern New Zealand shelf. Sediment Geol 60:71–94

    Google Scholar 

  • Palma RM, Lopez-Gomez J, Piethe RD (2007) Oxfordian ramp system (La Manga formation) in the Bardas Blancas area (Mendoza Province) Neuquén Basin, Argentina: facies and depositional sequences. Sediment Geol 195:113–134

    Google Scholar 

  • Payros A, Pujalte V, Tosquella J, Orue-Etxebarria X (2010) The Eocene storm-dominated foralgal ramp of the western Pyrenees (Urbasa-Andia formation): an analogue of future shallow-marine carbonate systems. Sediment Geol 228:184–204

    Google Scholar 

  • Perez-Lopez A, Perez-Valera F (2012) Tempestite facies models for the epicontinental Triassic carbonates of the Betic Cordillera (southern Spain). Sedimentology 59:646–678

    Google Scholar 

  • Pomar L (2001) Types of carbonate platforms: a genetic approach. Basin Reserve 13:313–334

    Google Scholar 

  • Purkis SJ, Harris PM (2016) The filling and patterns of sediment filling of accommodation space on Great Bahama Bank. J Sediment Res 86:294–310

    Google Scholar 

  • Read JF (1985) Carbonate platform facies models. AAPG 69:1–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Renard M (1986) Chimisme de l'Ocean, Phenomenes Geodynamiques Internes et Evolution de la Biosphere. Application a la Crise Barremienne: “La Naissance de l'Ocean Moderne”/Oceanic Chemism, Internal Geodynamic Phenomena and Biosphere Evolution. Application to the Barremian Crisis: “The Creation of the Modern Ocean” (from: Bulletin des Centres de Recherches Exploration-Production elf aquitaine 10: 593–606

  • Robert AMM, Letouzey J, Kavoosi MA, Sherkati S, Muller C, Verg-ees J, Aghababae A (2014) Structural evolution of the Kopet Dagh fold-and-thrust belt (NE Iran) and interactions with the South Caspian Sea Basin and Amu Darya Basin. Mar Petrol Geol 57:68–87

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson SA, Heimhofer U, Hesselbo SP, Petrizzo MR (2017) Mesozoic climates and oceans a tribute to Hugh Jenkyns and Helmut Weissert. Sedimentology 64:1–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubert Y, Jati M, Loisy C, Cerepi A, Foto G, Muska K (2012) Sedimentology of resedimented carbonates: facies and geometrical characterisation of an upper Cretaceous calciturbidite system in Albania. Sediment Geol 257:63–77

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruttner A (1991) The Triassic of Aghdarband (AgDarband), NE-Iran, and its pre-Triassic frame. Abhandlungen der Geologischen Bundesanstalt 38:252

  • Sandberg PA (1983) An oscillating trend in Phanerozoic non-skeletal carbonate mineralogy. Nature 305:19–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharafi N (2012) Facies, depositional environment, and sequence stratigraphy of the Tirgan Formation in western Kopet Dagh. PhD thesis, Department of Geology, Islamic Azad University Science and Research Branch, Tehran

  • Singh BP (2012) How deep was the early Himalayan foredeep? J Asian Earth Sci 56:24–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Stöcklin J (1977) Structural correlation of the Alpine ranges between Iran and Central Asia. Memoire Hors Serie No 8 de la Société Géologique de France 8:333–353

  • Tabatabaee P, Lasemi Y, Jahani D (2018) Facies variability of a lower Aptian carbonate platform succession, Tirgan Formation, eastern Kopet Dagh Basin, northeast Iran. Carbonates Evaporites 1–12

  • Tabatabaei P (2012) Facies, depositional environment, and stratigraphy of the Tirgan and Shurijeh Formations, in central and eastern Kopet Dagh. PhD thesis, Department of Geology, Islamic Azad University Science and Research Branch, Tehran

  • Taherpour Khalil Abad M, Aryaei AA, Ashouri AR, Ghaderi A (2011) Introducing some echinoderms from the Tirgan formation, Kopeh-Dagh Basin, NE of Iran. Geopersia 1:83–94

    Google Scholar 

  • Taherpour Khalil Abad M, Schlagintweit F, Vaziri SH, Aryaei AA, Ashouri AR (2013) Balkhania balkhanica Mamontova, 1966 (benthic foraminifera) and Kopetdagaria sphaerica Maslov, 1960 (dasycladalean alga) from the Lower Cretaceous Tirgan formation of the Kopet Dagh mountain range (NE Iran) and their paleobiogeographic significance. Facies 59:267–285

    Google Scholar 

  • Tamura T, Masuda F (2003) Shallow-marine fan delta slope deposits with large-scale cross-stratification: the Plio-Pleistocene Zaimokuzawa Formation in the Ishikari Hills, northern Japan. Sediment Geol 158:195–207

    Google Scholar 

  • Vail PR, Audemard F, Bowman SA, Eisner PN, Perez-Cruz C (1991) The stratigraphic signatures of tectonics, eustasy and sedimentology: an overview. In: Einsele G, Ricken W, Seilacher A (eds) Cycles and events in stratigraphy. Springer, Berlin, pp 617–659

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Wagoner JC, Mitchum RM, Campion KM, Rahmanian VD (1990) Siliciclastic sequence stratigraphy in well logs, cores, and outcrops. AAPG 7:55

    Google Scholar 

  • Weissert H, Lini A, Follmi KB, Kuhn O (1998) Correlation of early Cretaceous carbon isotope stratigraphy and platform drowning events: a possible link. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 137:189–203

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson BH, Owen RM, Carroll AR (1985) Submarine hydrothermal weathering, global/eustasy, and carbonate polymorphism in Phanerozoic marine oolites. J Sediment Petrol 55:171–183

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson JL (1975) Carbonate facies in geologic history. Springer, Berlin, p 471

    Google Scholar 

  • Yavarmanesh H, Vaziri H, Aryaei AA, Jahani A, Pourkermani M (2017) Microfacies and morphotectonic of the Tirgan formation in Ghorogh syncline (North of Chenaran). Int J Geogr Geol 6:79–93

    Google Scholar 

  • Zanchi A, Balini M, Ghassemi MR, Zanchetta S (2010) Mechanism of calcrete formation in the lower Cretaceous (Neocomian) fluvial deposits, northeastern Iran based on petrographic, geochemical data, EGU General Assembly

  • Zanchi A, Zanchetta S, Balini M, Ghassemi MR (2016) Oblique convergence during the Cimmerian collision: evidence from the Triassic Aghdarband Basin, NE Iran. Gondwana Res 38:149–170

    Google Scholar 

  • Zecchin M, Caffau M, Catuneanu O, Lenaz D (2017) Discrimination between wave-ravinement surfaces and bedset boundaries in Pliocene shallow-marine deposits, Crotone Basin, southern Italy: an integrated sedimentological, micropaleontological and mineralogical approach. Sedimentology 64:1755–1799

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by the Department of Geology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (research code: 3/45360), Iran. The authors thank Dr. Alireza Piriaei and Dr. Mohammad Ali Kavoosi (National Iran Oil Company, Exploration Directorate Tehran, Iran) for his skilled technical assistance. We would like to special thanks to Dr. James W. LaMoreaux, editor-in-chief, Carbonates and Evaporites, and other reviewers of this manuscript for their comments that improved our manuscript significantly.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

    Tayebeh Golafshani, Mohammad Khanehbad, Reza Moussavi-Harami & Asadollah Mahboubi

  2. National Iranian Oil Company, Exploration Directorate, Tehran, Iran

    Amir Feizy

Authors
  1. Tayebeh Golafshani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mohammad Khanehbad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Reza Moussavi-Harami
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Asadollah Mahboubi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Amir Feizy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mohammad Khanehbad.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Golafshani, T., Khanehbad, M., Moussavi-Harami, R. et al. Carbonate platform evolution of the Tirgan formation during Early Cretaceous (Urgonian) in the eastern Kopet-Dagh Basin, northeast Iran: depositional environment and sequence stratigraphic significance. Carbonates Evaporites 35, 110 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13146-020-00647-9

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13146-020-00647-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation