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Effects of mining and reduced turnover of Ephemeroptera (Insecta) in streams of the Eastern Brazilian Amazon

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Abstract

Mining operations can cause environmental alterations that have a major impact on aquatic organisms. In the present study, we analyzed the effects of mining operations on the environmental heterogeneity of streams in the eastern Brazilian Amazon, and the beta diversity (and components) of the local communities of the order Ephemeroptera. We tested three hypotheses: (a) mining activities reduce the environmental variation of streams; (b) altered streams have lower beta diversity, and (c) environmental variables influence the genus richness and abundance of ephemeropterans. The ephemeropterans were sampled in the Carajás National Forest in the dry season over 3 years. Streams were sampled in areas near the extraction of iron ore (16) and in pristine environments (8). The beta diversity was estimated based on the occurrence and abundance approaches. We recorded 2259 individuals and 32 genera. The comparative assessment of environmental variables indicated that environments altered by mining have higher total manganese and iron concentrations than preserved environments. Environmental variables influenced ephemeropteran communities, and the analysis of the components of the beta diversity indicated a higher turnover of ephemeropterans in preserved streams, which implies that species substitution rates are higher in preserved streams than in altered streams. These results indicate that the substitution of species in preserved streams is limited spatially, probably linked to the sensitivity of the organisms to oscillations in the environmental variables occurring in impacted environments.

Implications for insect conservation:

The results indicated that possibly the changes brought about by mining activities restrict the turnover of species between the preserved and altered areas, and only species tolerant to these changes were established. Over time and with the advancement of mining activities may occur the local exclusion of the most sensitive species and homogenization of the composition formed by more tolerant and less relevant conservation species.

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Acknowledgements

The first author thanks the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) for granting a scholarship during her master's degree, and the Federal University of Pará (UFPA), through the Dean for International Relations (PROINTER), Dean for Research and Graduate Studies (PROPESP), the Organization of American States (OEA), the Graduate Program in Ecology (PPGECO), and the Laboratory of Primary Producers (ECOPRO) for infrastructure, support, and financial resources. L. Juen thanks the Brazilian National Research Council (CNPq) for a productivity scholarship (process 304710/2019-9), and the Brazilian Institute for the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA) and Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio), which are responsible for the environmental licensing process for mining projects in Brazil, environmental monitoring programs, and the authorization of specimen collection in the present study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Biological Sciences, Graduate Program in Ecology, Federal University of Pará, Rua Augusto Correia, 1, Guamá, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil

    Ana Carolina Enríquez Espinosa, Leandro Juen & Bárbara Dunck

  2. Institute of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of the Ecology of Primary Producers, Federal University of Pará, Rua Augusto Correia, 1, Guamá, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil

    Ana Carolina Enríquez Espinosa & Bárbara Dunck

  3. National Institute for Pantanal Research, Advanced Campus of the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Cuiabá, MT, 78060-900, Brazil

    Yulie Shimano

  4. Amplo Engenharia E Gestão de Projetos Ltd., Rua Camões, 28, São Lucas, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30110-017, Brazil

    Samir Rolim

  5. Vale S.A., Rodovia PA 160, Canaã dos Carajás, PA, 68537-000, Brazil

    Leandro Maioli

Authors
  1. Ana Carolina Enríquez Espinosa
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  2. Yulie Shimano
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  3. Samir Rolim
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  4. Leandro Maioli
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  5. Leandro Juen
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  6. Bárbara Dunck
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Contributions

LJ conceived the study and designed the methods; YS collected the data; ACE, YS, and BD analyzed the data; ACE, YS, and BD led the writing of the manuscript; LJ, ACE, YS, SR, LM, and BD contributed critically to the different drafts and gave their final approval for submission.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bárbara Dunck.

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This study conforms to the Italian legal requirements on conservation and welfare. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Enríquez Espinosa, A.C., Shimano, Y., Rolim, S. et al. Effects of mining and reduced turnover of Ephemeroptera (Insecta) in streams of the Eastern Brazilian Amazon. J Insect Conserv 24, 1061–1072 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-020-00275-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-020-00275-7

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