Abstract
We describe how the various outcomes of stellar tidal disruption give rise to observable radiation. We separately consider the cases where gas circularizes rapidly into an accretion disc, as well as the case when shocked debris streams provide the observable emission without having fully circularized. For the rapid circularization case, we describe how outflows, absorption by reprocessing layers, and Comptonization can cause the observed radiation to depart from that of a bare disc, possibly giving rise to the observed optical/UV emission along with soft X-rays from the disc. If, instead, most of the debris follows highly eccentric orbits for a significant time, many properties of the observed optical/UV emission can be explained by the scale of those eccentric orbits and the shocks embedded in the debris flow near orbital apocenter. In this picture, soft X-ray emission at early times results from the smaller amount of debris mass deflected into a compact accretion disc by weak shocks near the stellar pericenter. A general proposal for the near-constancy of the ultraviolet/optical color temperatures is provided, by linking it to incomplete thermalization of radiation in the atmosphere of the emitting region. We also briefly discuss the radio signals from the interaction of unbound debris and jets with the black hole environment.
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Notes
The analytic estimates for soft X-ray absorption in MS16 and Roth 2016 were based on the He II photoionization opacity. However, further examination of the Roth et al. (2016) results by those authors have indicated that the dominant absorption process for the soft X-rays was the photoionization of oxygen, the only metal included in that calculation. This suggests that improved X-ray breakout estimates must account for opacities from oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and possibly other species, rather than only helium.
See Krolik et al. (2016) for more refined expressions.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Leiden Observatory BSc students Rens Verkade and Ashmara Wederfoort for providing Fig. 1. We thank the anonymous referees for providing feedback which greatly improved the quality of this chapter. NR acknowledges the support from the University of Maryland through the Joint Space Science Institute Prize Postdoctoral Fellowship.
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The Tidal Disruption of Stars by Massive Black Holes
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Roth, N., Rossi, E.M., Krolik, J. et al. Radiative Emission Mechanisms. Space Sci Rev 216, 114 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-020-00735-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-020-00735-1