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Effects of compaction on lead availability in contaminated soils with contrasting texture

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Abstract

The effects of soil compaction on porosity (α), bulk density (ρs), and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) can create a physical barrier in the soil, reducing the vertical movement of toxic elements in the soil profile. However, the indirect effects of compaction in altering the forms and availability of heavy metals in soil have not been well-studied. This study examined the influence of compaction on forms of lead (Pb) in soils with contrasting texture. Four levels of compaction were imposed on a sandy loam and a clayey soil, which were artificially contaminated based on their maximum Pb adsorption capacity. Compaction had different effects on Pb forms depending on soil texture. In the sandy loam soil, compaction had a dual beneficial effect in mitigating the impact of Pb contamination, since it decreased Ksat, reducing metal transport to deeper soil layers, and also prevented transformation to more available Pb forms (soluble and exchangeable). Instead, there was an increase in the most environmentally stable forms of Pb (inner sphere adsorption on iron and manganese oxides). In the clayey soil, compaction caused a significant increase in soluble and exchangeable Pb, accompanied by a significant reduction in environmentally stable Pb (inner sphere adsorption on gibbsite and kaolinite). In addition, studies about Pb contents under compacted soil layers should be investigated, mainly in clayey soils with edible crops, and environmental remediation practices that involve the machines traffic (for example, phytoremediation—successive cultivation of Pb-hyperaccumulating plants) should be used with care to minimise the compaction of clayey soils.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to Professor Neyde Fabiola Balarezo Giarola from Ponta Grossa State University for indicating and providing the soil collecting for this research.

Funding

This study was financially supported by CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior in Brazil) (scholarship for the first author).

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  1. Soil Agricultural Engineering Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil

    Allini Klos Rodrigues de Campos, Karina Maria Vieira Cavalieri-Polizeli & Vander de Freitas Melo

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  1. Allini Klos Rodrigues de Campos
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de Campos, A.K.R., Cavalieri-Polizeli, K.M.V. & Melo, V.d.F. Effects of compaction on lead availability in contaminated soils with contrasting texture. Environ Monit Assess 192, 672 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-08648-w

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