Abstract
Regularities of the electrooxidation of sulfite ions in an alkaline medium (рН ≥ 8; LiClO4, KNO3, Na2SO4, NaOH) on a composite carbon-containing electrode modified by submicron (300 nm or smaller) gold particles are studied using cyclic voltammetry. The electrocatalytic nature of the analytical signal is substantiated; a scheme of the oxidation process is proposed. A procedure for the preliminary electrochemical treatment of the modified electrode, ensuring an increase in the substrate oxidation current and consisting in the anodic polarization of the electrode in the potential range 0.9–1.4 V (Ag/AgCl reference electrode) in a supporting electrolyte is optimized. The essence of activation is an increase in the surface area of gold particles participating in the catalytic generation/reduction cycle of gold (hydr)oxides and providing an increase in the value of the analytical signal. The proposed approach ensures a significant increase of the sensitivity of the voltammetric method for determining sulfite ions. The concentration dependence of the analytical signal is linear in the concentration range of \({\text{SO}}_{3}^{{2 - }}\)-ions 1 × 10–7–2 × 10–4 М (limit of detection 5.5 × 10–8 M). The results of the determination of sulfite ions in wines, beer, and juices indicate a higher accuracy of the voltammetric method compared to the standard iodometric procedure.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Vallero, D., Fundamentals of Air Pollution, New York: Academic, 2014.
TR TS (Technical Regulation of the Customs Union) 029/2012: Safety Requirements for Food Additives, Flavors, and Processing Aids, Moscow, 2012. http://old.gost.ru/wps/portal/pages/main. Accessed December 27, 2019.
GOST (State Standard) 5644-75: Anhydrous Sodium Sulfite. Specifications, Moscow: Izd. Standartov, 2004.
Sulfur Dioxide and Sulfites (Addendum): Fifty-First Meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, WHO Food Additives Series no. 42, Geneva: World Health Organization, 1999.
Evaluation of Certain Food Additives: Sixty-Ninth Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, WHO Technical Report Series no. 952, Geneva: World Health Organization, 2009.
Codex Alimentarius Commission: General Standard for the Labelling of Prepackaged Foods, 1991 (CODEX STAN 1-1985, Rev. 1-1991). http://www.codexalimentarius.net/download/standards/32/CXS_001e.pdf. Accessed November 18, 2019.
AOAC 990.28 Sulfites in Foods, Optimized Monier–Williams Method, AOAC Official Methods of Analysis, Sec. 47.3.43, 2000.
GOST (State Standard) 25555.5-2014: Fruit and Vegetable Products. Methods for Determination of Sulfur Dioxide Content, Moscow: Izd. Standartov, 2014.
GOST (State Standard) 32115-2013: Production Alcohol and Corresponding Raw Materials. Method for Determination of Free and Total Sulfur Dioxide, Moscow: Standartinform, 2014.
Shenderyuk, V.V., Stashko, A.V., and Bychkovskaya, A.A., Tr., Atl. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr.,Novaya Ser., 2017, vol. 1, no. 2, p. 32.
Isaac, A., Livingstone, C., Wain, A.J., Compton, R.G., and Davis, J., TrAC,Trends Anal. Chem., 2006, vol. 25, no. 6, p. 589.
Rawal, R. and Pundir, C.S., Biochem. Eng. J., 2013, vol. 71, p. 30.
Molinero-Abad, B., Alonso-Lomillo, M., Domínguez-Renedo, O., and Arcos-Martínez, M.J., Anal. Chim. Acta, 2014, vol. 812, p. 41.
Romão Sartori, E., Campanhã Vicentini, F., and Fatibello-Filho, O., Talanta, 2011, vol. 87, p. 235.
Suzuki, M., Lee, S., Fujii, K., Arikawa, Y., Kubo, I., Kanagawa, T., Mikami, E., and Karube, I., Anal. Lett., 1992, vol. 25, no. 6, p. 973.
Pournaghi-Azar, M.H., Hydarpour, M., and Dastangoo, H., Anal. Chim. Acta, 2003, vol. 497, p. 133.
Lowinsohn, D., Alipazaga, M.V., Coichev, N., and Bertotti, M., Microchim. Acta, 2004, vol. 144, p. 57.
Raoof, J.B., Ojani, B., and Karimi-Maleh, H., Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 2007, vol. 2, p. 257.
Ardakani, M.M., Habibollahi, F., Zare, H.R., and Naeimi, H., Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 2008, vol. 3, p. 1236.
Dadamos, T. and Teixeira, M., Electrochim. Acta, 2009, vol. 54, p. 4552.
Alamo, L.S., Tangkuaram, T., and Satienperakul, S., Talanta, 2010, vol. 81, p. 1793.
Ensafi, A.A. and Karimi-Maleh, H., Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 2010, vol. 5, p. 392.
Majidi, M.R., Asadpour-Zeynali, K., Shahmoradi, K., and Shivaeefar, Y., J. Chin. Chem. Soc., 2010, vol. 57, p. 391.
Vélez, J.H., Muena, J.P., Aguirre, M.J., Ramírez, G., and Herrera, F., Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 2012, vol. 7, p. 3167.
Amatatongchai, M., Sroysee, W., Chairam, S., and Nacapricha, D., Talanta, 2015, vol. 133, p. 134.
Beitollahi, H., Mahmoudi-Moghaddam, H., Tajik, S., and Jahani, S., Microchem. J., 2019, vol. 147, p. 590.
Makhotkina, O. and Kilmartin, P.A., Anal. Chim. Acta, 2010, vol. 668, p. 155.
Zelinsky, A.G. and Pirogov, B.Ya., Electrochim. Acta, 2017, vol. 231, p. 371.
Burke, L.D. and Ryan, T.G., Electrochim. Acta, 1992, vol. 37, p. 1363.
Burke, L.D. and Nugent, P.F., Gold Bull., 1997, vol. 30, p. 43.
Orlik, M. and Galus, Z., in Inorganic Electrochemistry. Encyclopedia of Electrochemistry, vol. 7b, Bard, A.J., Stratman, M., Scholz, F., and Pickett, C.J., Eds., Weinheim: Wiley, 2006, p. 839.
Burke, L.D. and Hurley, L.M., J. Solid State Electrochem., 2002, vol. 6, p. 101.
Manikandan, V.S., Liu, Z., and Chen, A., J. Electroanal. Chem., 2018, vol. 819, p. 524.
O’Brien, J.A., Hinkley, J.T., Donne, S.W., and Lindquist, S.-E., Electrochim. Acta, 2010, vol. 55, p. 573.
Zelinsky, A.G., Electrochim. Acta, 2016, vol. 188, p. 727.
Cai, X., Lin, C., Foord, J.S., and Compton, R.G., Electroanalysis, 2019, vol. 31, p. 1783.
Felmy, A.R., Girvin, D., and Jenne, E.A., MINTEQ: Calculating Aqueous Geochemical Equilibria, Washington, DC: US Environ. Protect. Agency, 1984.
Glasstone, S. and Hickling, A., J. Chem. Soc., 1933, p. 829.
Seo, E.T. and Sawyer, D.T., Electrochim. Acta, 1965, vol. 10, p. 239.
Quijada, C., Morallón, E., Vázquez, J.L., and Berlouis, L.E.A., Electrochim. Acta, 2000, vol. 46, p. 651.
Perevezentseva, D.O., Korshunov, A.V., Gorchakov, E.V., Bimatov, V.I., and Phedorov, I.E., Curr. Anal. Chem., 2017, vol. 13, p. 225.
Pletcher, D., Greff, R., Peat, R., Peter, L.M., and Robinson, J., Instrumental Methods in Electrochemistry, Oxford: Woodhead, 2001.
Soderberg, J.N., Co, A.C., Sirk, A.H.C., and Birss, V.I., J. Phys. Chem. B, 2006, vol. 110, p. 10401.
Neta, P. and Huie, R.E., Environ. Health Perspect., 1985, vol. 64, p. 209.
Doerffel, K., Statistik in der analytischen Chemie (Statistics in Analytical Chemistry), Leipzig: Grundstoffindustrie, 1990, 5 ed.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Translated by V. Kudrinskaya
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kovaleva, S.V., Aksinenko, O.S. & Korshunov, A.V. Electrooxidation of Sulfite Ions on a Composite Carbon-Containing Electrode Modified with Submicron Gold Particles. J Anal Chem 75, 1348–1357 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1061934820080080
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1061934820080080