Abstract
In post-disturbance areas, salvage logging is a common management practice that can negatively affect ecosystem services and alter successional pathways of natural regeneration. In this study, we aim to investigate the effects of salvage logging in post-fire areas on the regeneration and height of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) on dry-poor, wet-poor, and peat soils. We used the Poisson generalised linear mixed-effects model and linear mixed-effect model to assess the effects of salvage logging on the abundance and height of Scots pine. In all forest types in post-fire areas, Scots pine and birch (Betula pendula Roth and Betula pubescens Ehrh.) were the most common tree species, accounting for 70–100% of the total regeneration abundance. Salvage logging resulted in significantly higher abundance of Scots pine only on mesic-peat soil. Mean height of Scots pine was significantly lower in stands with larger abundance of remnant living trees. In our study, we did not find conclusive evidence of negative effects of salvage logging on the abundance and height of Scots pine.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahti T, Hämet-Ahti L, Jalas J (1968) Vegetation zones and their sections in northwestern Europe. Ann Bot Fenn 5:169–211
Avotniece Z, Aņiskeviča S, Maļinovskis E (2017) Climate change scenarios for Latvia. http://www2.meteo.lv/klimatariks/zinojums.pdf. Accessed 01 Oct 2018 (In Latvian)
Baders E, Senhofa S, Purina L, Jansons A (2017) Natural succession of Norway spruce stands in hemiboreal forests: case study in Slitere national park, Latvia. Balt For 23:522–528
Bates D, Maechler M, Bolker B, Walker S (2015) Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J Stat Softw 67:1–48. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01
Beghin R, Lingua E, Garbarino M, Lonati M, Bovio G, Motta R, Marzano R (2010) Pinus sylvestris forest regeneration under different post-fire restoration practices in the northwestern Italian Alps. Ecol Eng 36:1365–1372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2010.06.014
Bivand R, Hauke J, Kossowski T (2013) Computing the Jacobian in Gaussian spatial autoregressive models: an illustrated comparison of available methods. Geogr Anal 45:150–179
Bodaghi AI, Nikooy M, Naghdi R, Venanzi R, Latterini F, Tavankar F, Picchio R (2018) Ground-based extraction on salvage logging in two high forests: a productivity and cost analysis. Forests 9:1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9120729
Boucher D, Gauthier S, Noël J, Greene DF, Bergeron Y (2014) Salvage logging affects early post-fire tree composition in Canadian boreal forest. For Ecol Manag 325:118–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2014.04.002
Bowman DMJS, Balch JK, Artaxo P, Bond WJ, Carlson JM, Cochrane MA, D’Antonio CM, DeFries RS, Doyle JC et al (2009) Fire in the earth system. Science 324:481–484. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1163886
Brumelis G, Elferts D, Liepina L, Luce I, Tabors G, Tjarve D (2005) Age and spatial structure of natural Pinus sylvestris stands in Latvia. Scand J For Res 20:471–480. https://doi.org/10.1080/02827580500339526
Bušs K (1976) Fundamentals of forest classification in Latvia SSR. Riga, Silava [In Latvian]
Castro J, Zamora R, Hódar JA, Gómez JM (2004) Seedling establishment of a boreal tree species (Pinus sylvestris) at its southernmost distribution limit: consequences of being in a marginal Mediterranean habitat. J Ecol 92:266–277
Claessens H, Oosterbaan A, Savill P, Rondeux J (2010) A review of the characteristics of black alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.) and their implications for silvicultural practices. Forestry 83:163–175. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpp038
Clarke KR (1993) Non-parametric multivariate analysis of changes in community structure. Aust J Ecol 18:117–143
Craine JM, Dybzinski R (2013) Mechanisms of plant competition for nutrients, water and light. Funct Ecol 27:833–840. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12081
Dauškane I, Elferts D (2011) Influence of climate on Scots pine growth on dry and wet soils near Lake Engure in Latvia. Est J Ecol 60:1–11. https://doi.org/10.3176/eco.2011.2
de Chantal M, Leinonen K, Kuuluvainen T, Cescatti A (2003) Early response of Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies seedlings to an experimental canopy gap in a boreal spruce forest. For Ecol Manag 176:321–336
Debain S, Chadœuf J, Curt T, Kunstler G, Lepart J (2007) Comparing effective dispersal in expanding population of Pinus sylvestris and Pinus nigra in calcareous grassland. Can J For Res 37:705–718. https://doi.org/10.1139/X06-265
Donis J (1995) Forest regeneration following 1992 fire in Sīltere National Park. Mežzinātne: Meža nozares augstākās izglītības 75. Gadu jubilejai veltītās zinātniski praktiskās konferences materiāli. Jelgava: LLU. pp 80–88 (In Latvian)
Dzwonko Z, Loster S, Gawroński S (2015) Impact of fire severity on soil properties and the development of tree and shrub species in a Scots pine moist forest site in southern Poland. For Ecol Manag 342:56–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.01.013
Edvardsson J, Rimkus E, Corona C, Šimanauskiene R, Kažys J, Stoffel M (2015) Exploring the impact of regional climate and local hydrology on Pinus sylvestris L. growth variability—a comparison between pine populations growing on peat soils and mineral soils in Lithuania. Plant Soil 392:345–356. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-015-2466-9
Erefur C, Bergsten U, Lundmark T, de Chantal M (2011) Establishment of planted Norway spruce and Scots pine seedlings: effects of light environment, fertilisation, and orientation and distance with respect to shelter trees. New For 41:263–276. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-010-9226-8
Eriksson G, Black-Samuelsson S, Jensen M, Myking T, Skrøppa T, Vakkari P, Westergaard L (2003) Genetic variability in two tree species, Acer platanoides L. and Betula pendula Roth, with contrasting life-history traits. Scand J For Res 18:320–331. https://doi.org/10.1080/02827580310015422
Fraver S, Jain T, Bradford JB, D’Amato AW, Kastendick D, Palik B, Shinneman D, Stanovick J (2011) The efficacy of salvage logging in reducing subsequent fire severity in conifer-dominated forests of Minnesota, USA. Ecol Appl 21:1895–1901. https://doi.org/10.1890/11-0380.1
García-Orenes F, Arcenegui V, Chrenková K, Mataix-Solera J, Moltó J, Jara-Navarro AB, Torres MP (2017) Effects of salvage logging on soil properties and vegetation recovery in a fire-affected Mediterranean forest: a two year monitoring research. Sci Total Environ 586:1057–1065. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.090
Granström A (2001) Fire management for biodiversity in the European boreal forest. Scand J For Res 16:62–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/028275801300090627
Gromtsev A (2002) Natural disturbance dynamics in the boreal forests of European Russia: a review. Silva Fenn 36:41–55. https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.549
Gustafsson L, Berglind M, Granström A, Grelle A, Isacsson G, Kjellander P, Larsson S, Lindh M, Pettersson LB, Strengbom J, Stridh B, Sävström T, Thor G, Wikars L-O, Mikusiński G (2019) Rapid ecological response and intensified knowledge accumulation following a north European mega-fire. Scand J For Res 34:234–253. https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2019.1603323
Habrouk A, Retana J, Espelta JM (1999) Role of heat tolerance and cone protection of seeds in the response of three pine species to wildfires. Plant Ecol 145:91–99
Harrison XA (2014) Using observation-level random effects to model overdispersion in count data in ecology and evolution. PeerJ 2:e616. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.616
Havašová M, Ferenčík J, Jakuš R (2017) Interactions between windthrow, bark beetles and forest management in the Tatra national parks. For Ecol Manag 391:349–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.01.009
Hellberg E, Niklasson M, Granström A (2004) Influence of landscape structure on patterns of forest fires in boreal forest landscapes in Sweden. Can J For Res 34:332–338. https://doi.org/10.1139/X03-175
Hille M, den Ouden J (2004) Improved recruitment and early growth of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings after fire and soil scarification. Eur J For Res 123:213–218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-004-0036-4
Hothorn T, Bretz F, Westfall P (2008) Simultaneous inference in general parametric models. Biom J 50:346–363
Hynynen J, Niemistö P, Viherä-Aarnio A, Brunner A, Hein S, Velling P (2009) Silviculture of birch (Betula pendula Roth and Betula pubescens Ehrh.) in northern Europe. Forestry 83:103–119. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpp035
Jõgiste K, Korjus H, Stanturf JA, Frelich LE, Baders E, Donis J, Jansons A, Kangur A, Laarmann D, Maaten T, Marozas V et al (2017) Hemiboreal forest: natural disturbances and the importance of ecosystem legacies to management. Ecosphere 8:1–20. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1706
Kalnina L, Stivrins N, Kuske E, Ozola I, Pujate A, Zeimule S, Grudzinska I, Ratniece V (2015) Peat stratigraphy and changes in peat formation during the Holocene in Latvia. Quat Int 383:186–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.10.020
Kärhä K, Anttonen T, Poikela A, Palander T, Laurén A, Peltola H, Nuutinen Y (2018) Evaluation of salvage logging productivity and costs in windthrown Norway spruce-dominated forests. Forests 9:1–22. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9050280
Karlsson A (1996) Initial seedling emergence of hairy birch and silver birch on abandoned fields following different site preparation regimes. New For 11:93–123
Karlsson A, Albrektson A, Forsgren A, Svensson L (1998) An analysis of successful natural regeneration of downy and silver birch on abandoned farmland in Sweden. Silva Fenn 32:229–240. https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.683
Keeley JE (2012) Ecology and evolution of pine life histories. Ann For Sci 69:445–453. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-012-0201-8
Keyser TL, Smith FW, Shepperd WD (2009) Short-term impact of post-fire salvage logging on regeneration, hazardous fuel accumulation, and understorey development in ponderosa pine forests of the Black Hills, SD, USA. Int J Wildl Fire 18:451–458
Kitenberga M, Drobyshev I, Elferts D, Matisons R, Adamovics A, Katrevics J, Niklasson M, Jansons A (2019) A mixture of human and climatic effects shapes the 250-year long fire history of a semi-natural pine dominated landscape of Northern Latvia. For Ecol Manag 441:192–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2019.03.020
Kramer K, Brang P, Bachofen H, Bugmann H, Wohlgemuth T (2014) Site factors are more important than salvage logging for tree regeneration after wind disturbance in Central European forests. For Ecol Manag 331:116–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2014.08.002
Kuuluvainen T, Kalmari R (2003) Regeneration microsites of Picea abies seedlings in a windthrow area of a boreal old-growth. Ann Bot Fenn 40:401–413
Kuuluvainen T, Hokkanen T, Jarvinen E, Pukkala T (1993) Factors related to seedling growth in boreal Scots pine stand: a spatial analysis of a vegetation-soil system. Can J For Res 23:2101–2109
Kuuluvainen T, Mäki J, Karjalainen L, Lehtonen H (2002) Tree age distributions in old-growth forest sites in Vienansalo wilderness, eastern Fennoscandia. Silva Fenn 36:169–184. https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.556
Lampainen J, Kuuluvainen T, Wallenius TH, Karjalainen L, Vanha-Majamaa I (2004) Long-term forest structure and regeneration after wildfire in Russian Karelia. J Veg Sci 15:245–256. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2004.tb02259.x
Leverkus AB, Lindenmayer DB, Thorn S, Gustafsson L (2018) Salvage logging in the world’s forests: interactions between natural disturbance and logging need recognition. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 27:1140–1154. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12772
Lindenmayer DB, Noss RF (2006) Salvage logging, ecosystem processes, and biodiversity conservation. Conserv Biol 20:949–958. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00497.x
Lundqvist L, Fridman E (1996) Influence of local stand basal area on density and growth of regeneration in uneven—aged Picea abies stands. Scand J For Res 11:364–369. https://doi.org/10.1080/02827589609382948
Malvar MC, Silva FC, Prats SA, Vieira DCS, Coelho COA, Keizer JJ (2017) Short-term effects of post-fire salvage logging on runoff and soil erosion. For Ecol Manag 400:555–567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.06.031
McGullagh P, Nelder JA (1989) Generalized linear models, 2nd edn. CRC Press, New York, p 532
Mellert KH, Ewald J (2014) Nutrient limitation and site-related growth potential of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst) in the Bavarian Alps. Eur J For Res 133:433–451. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-013-0775-1
Moser B, Temperli C, Schneiter G, Wohlgemuth T (2010) Potential shift in tree species composition after interaction of fire and drought in the Central Alps. Eur J For Res 129:625–633. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-010-0363-6
Müller J, Noss RF, Thorn S, Bässler C, Leverkus AB, Lindenmayer D (2019) Increasing disturbance demands new policies to conserve intact forest. Conserv Lett 12:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12449
Myking T, Bøhler F, Austrheim G, Solberg EJ (2011) Life history strategies of aspen (Populus tremula L.) and browsing effects: a literature review. Forestry 84:61–71. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpq044
Nieuwenhuis M, Fitzpatrick PJ (2002) An assessment of stem breakage and the reduction in timber volume and value recovery resulting from a catastrophic storm: an Irish case study. Forestry 75:513–523. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/75.5.513
Nilsson U, Gemmel P, Johansson U, Karlsson M, Welander TN (2002) Natural regeneration of Norway spruce, Scots pine and birch under Norway spruce shelterwoods of varying densities on a mesic-dry site in southern Sweden. For Ecol Manag 161:133–145
Ohlson M, Zackrisson O (1992) Tree establishment and microhabitat relationships in north Swedish peatlands. Can J For Res 22:1869–1877. https://doi.org/10.1139/x92-244
Oksanen J, Guillaume Blanchet F, Friendly M, Kindt R, Legendre P, McGlinn D, Minchin PR, O’Hara RB, Simpson GL, Solymos P, Stevens MHH, Szoecs E, Wagner H (2019) vegan: community ecology Package. R package version 2.5-4. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=vegan
Östlund L, Zackrisson O, Axelsson A-L (1997) The history and transformation of a Scandinavian boreal forest landscape since the 19th century. Can J For Res 27:1198–1206. https://doi.org/10.1139/x97-070
Page-Dumroese DS, Jurgensen MF, Tiarks AE, Ponder F, Sanchez FG, Fleming RL, Kranabetter JM, Powers RF, Stone DM, Elioff JD, Scott DA (2006) Soil physical property changes at the North American long-term soil productivity study sites: 1 and 5 years after compaction. Can J For Res 36:551–564. https://doi.org/10.1139/X05-273
Pakalne M, Kalnina L (2005) Mire ecosystems in Latvia. In: Steiner GM (ed) Moore von Sibirien bis Feuerland/Peatlands from Siberia to Terra del Fuego. Biologiezentrum der Oberosterreichischen Landesmuseen, Linz, pp 147–174
Parro K, Metslaid M, Renel G, Sims A, Stanturf JA, Jõgiste K, Köster K (2015) Impact of postfire management on forest regeneration in a managed hemiboreal forest, Estonia. Can J For Res 45:1192–1197. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2014-0514
Perala DA, Alm AA (1990) Reproductive ecology of birch: a review. For Ecol Manag 32:1–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(90)90104-J
Poirier V, Paré D, Boiffin J, Munson AD (2014) Combined influence of fire and salvage logging on carbon and nitrogen storage in boreal forest soil profiles. For Ecol Manag 326:133–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2014.04.021
Pretzsch H, Dieler J (2011) The dependency of the size-growth relationship of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica [L.]) in forest stands on long-term site conditions, drought events, and ozone stress. Trees 25:355–369. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-010-0510-1
R Core Team (2018) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna
Repo T, Heiskanen J, Sutinen M-L, Sutinen R, Lehto T (2017) The responses of Scots pine seedlings to waterlogging in a fine-textured till soil. New For 48:51–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-016-9555-3
Saursaunet M, Mathisen KM, Skarpe C (2018) Effects of increased soil scarification intensity on natural regeneration of scots pine Pinus sylvestris L. and birch Betula spp. L. Forests 9:1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9050262
Seidl R, Rammer W, Spies TA (2014) Disturbance legacies increase the resilience of forest ecosystem structure, composition, and functioning. Ecol Appl 24:2063–2077
Seile A, Reriha I (1983) Slītere. Rīga, Zinātne (In Latvian)
Serrano-Ortiz P, Marañón-Jiménez S, Reverter BR, Sánchez-Cañete EP, Castro J, Zamora R (2011) Post-fire salvage logging reduces carbon sequestration in Mediterranean coniferous forest. For Ecol Manag 262:2287–2296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2011.08.023
Smith HG, Smith HG, Hopmans P, Sheridan GJ, Lane PNJ, Noske PJ (2012) Impacts of wildfire and salvage harvesting on water quality and nutrient exports from radiata pine and eucalypt forest catchments in south-eastern Australia. For Ecol Manag 263:160–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2011.09.002
Suchockas V (2002) Seed dispersal and distribution of Silver birch (Betula pendula) naturally regenerating seedlings on abandoned agricultural land at forest edges. Balt For 8:71–77
Sundström E, Hånell B (1999) Afforestation of low-productivity peatlands in Sweden—the potential of natural seeding. New For 18:113–129. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014556109351
Thorn S, Bässler C, Svoboda M, Müller J (2017) Effects of natural disturbances and salvage logging on biodiversity—lessons from the Bohemian Forest. For Ecol Manag 388:113–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.06.006
Vacchiano G, Stanchi S, Marinari G, Ascoli D, Zanini E, Motta R (2014) Fire severity, residuals and soil legacies affect regeneration of Scots pine in the Southern Alps. Sci Total Environ 472:778–788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.101
Vanha-Majamaa I, Tuittila ES, Tonteri T, Suominen R (1996) Seedling establishment after prescribed burning of a clear-cut and a partially cut mesic boreal forest in southern Finland. Silva Fenn 30:31–45
Waldron K, Ruel JC, Gauthier S (2013) The effects of site characteristics on the landscape-level windthrow regime in the North Shore region of Quebec, Canada. Forestry 86:159–171. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cps061
Wallenius TH (2002) Forest age distribution and traces of past fires in a natural boreal landscape dominated by Picea abies. Silva Fenn 36:201–211
Zadina M, Purina L, Pobiarzens A, Katrevics J, Jansons J, Jansons A (2014) Height-growth dynamics of scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in burned and clearcut areas in hemiboreal forests, Latvia. In: Proceedings of the second international congress of silviculture, Florence. pp 443–447
Zin E, Drobyshev I, Bernacki D, Niklasson M (2015) Dendrochronological reconstruction reveals a mixed-intensity fire regime in Pinus sylvestris-dominated stands of Białowieza Forest, Belarus and Poland. J Veg Sci 26:934–945. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvs.12290
Acknowledgements
We thank the Nature Conservation Agency of Latvia for the permission to conduct research in Slītere National Park territory. The study was supported by the joint-stock company Latvijas valsts meži for the project ‘Impact of forest management on forest and related ecosystem services’.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kitenberga, M., Elferts, D., Adamovics, A. et al. Effect of salvage logging and forest type on the post-fire regeneration of Scots pine in hemiboreal forests. New Forests 51, 1069–1085 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-020-09775-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-020-09775-5