Abstract
Studying the characteristics of terdiurnal tides in the ionosphere provides an important pathway to understand the dynamic coupling between the low atmosphere and the ionosphere. Based on the TEC data from the Madrigal database at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, a decomposition and nonlinear fitting method is used to derive ionospheric terdiurnal tides. Statistical analysis is then carried out to study the variability of ionospheric terdiurnal tides. Both the absolute and relative amplitudes of terdiurnal tides are large near the equator and in the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) region. The relative amplitude of terdiurnal tides in the Northern Hemisphere is larger than that in the Southern Hemisphere at low latitude, exhibiting hemispheric asymmetry. The amplitudes of terdiurnal tides at magnetic middle latitudes (∼35 °N MLat) at the east hemisphere (142 °E), west hemisphere (90 °W) and zero degree longitude sites all have annual, semiannual and 4-month cycles. Furthermore, our analysis shows that there are longitudinal variations of terdiurnal tides and these variations appear to be dependent on solar activity. Terdiurnal tides show two peaks near the equinoxes, one in March and April, and the other between October and November. The terdiurnal tides with characteristics of large amplitudes in the equator and EIA regions, and their correlation with the diurnal and semidiurnal components suggest that terdiurnal tides and their intra-annual variations are likely related to the nonlinear interaction between diurnal and semidiurnal tides, which also show strong intra-annual variations.
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Acknowledgements
This work is supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFC1503506), the Special Fund of the Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration (2020IEF0705), APSCO Earthquake Research Project Phase II, China Scholarship Fund and ISSI-Beijing. The authors acknowledge the Madrigal database at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory for providing the GPS TEC data, and the data can be downloaded from http://madrigal.haystack.mit.edu/madrigal/. The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the National Science Foundation. The F10.7 index are obtained from the ftp site (ftp://ftp.ngdc.noaa.gov/STP/space-weather/solar-data/solar-features/solar-radio/noontime-flux/penticton/penticton_adjusted/listings/listing_drao_noontime-flux-adjusted_daily.txt).
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Author’s Contribution JL analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript. WW proposed the topic, conceived and designed the study. XZ helped in the interpretation. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Funding This work is supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFC1503506), the Special Fund of the Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration (2020IEF0705), APSCO Earthquake Research Project Phase II, China Scholarship Fund and ISSI-Beijing.
Competing Interests The authors declare that they have no competing interest.
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Availability of data and materials The GPS TEC data supported by the Madrigal database at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory can be downloaded from http://madrigal.haystack.mit.edu/madrigal/. The F10.7 index are obtained from the ftp site (ftp://ftp.ngdc.noaa.gov/STP/space-weather/solar-data/solar-features/solar-radio/noontime-flux/penticton/penticton_adjusted/listings/listing_drao_noontime-flux-adjusted_daily.txt).
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Liu, J., Wang, W. & Zhang, X. The characteristics of terdiurnal tides in the ionosphere. Astrophys Space Sci 365, 155 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10509-020-03874-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10509-020-03874-7