ReviewStructure, gene expression, and putative functions of crustacean heat shock proteins in innate immunity
Section snippets
General introduction
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) or molecular chaperones are evolutionarily conserved proteins found in the subcellular compartments (including the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), cytosol, mitochondrion, and chloroplast) of all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (Hartl and Hayer-Hartl, 2002; Lindquist and Craig, 1988; Robert, 2003). In normal cells, HSPs represent 5–10% of the total protein content and are induced on exposure not only to heat but also to other physiological and environmental
Crustacean heat shock proteins
In crustaceans, the HSP family has a variety of functions that range from acting as stress proteins to serving as extrinsic chaperones, and includes the following principal members: HSP90, HSP70, HSP60, HSP21, and HSP10 (Yik Sung, 2013). In addition to being categorized with respect to their molecular weights, HSPs can also be classified according to their expression: i) HSPs that are commonly expressed constitutively, such as heat shock cognates (HSCs), or ii) HSPs whose expression is induced
Gene expression of crustacean HSPs in response to pathological stress
HSPs are also known as stress proteins because they are produced by cells in response to various stress conditions (Johnston et al., 2018). Environmental stresses such as thermal stress, heavy metal or free radical exposure, osmotic stress, desiccation, pathological stress, and other stressors can trigger the expression of HSPs to protect cells from damage (Srivastava, 2002; Yik Sung and MacRae, 2011). Herein, the expression of crustacean HSPs in response to pathological stress in different
The HSP70 family and its role in crustacean immunity
The HSP70 family comprises the most well-characterized HSPs. The induction of HSP70 expression could enhance crustacean immunity as shown after animals are exposed to heat stress. Shrimp (P. vannamei) exposed to chronic NLHS showed higher expression of LvHSP70, LvHSP90 and immune-related genes: LvproPO and LvCrustin (Junprung et al., 2017). The high expression of LvproPO and Hemocyanin was also observed in shrimp exposed with acute NLHS (Loc et al., 2013). Moreover, shrimp exposed to either
Summary and perspectives
It is evident that HSPs act not only as molecular chaperones involved in protein folding and degradation, but also as stimulators of the innate immune system in response to thermal stress and pathogenic infections. In crustaceans, HSPs, especially HSP70s, have been linked to immune stimulation, affording resistance to bacterial and viral infections. Crustaceans exposed to heat stress or supplemented with recombinant HSPs exhibit enhanced resistance to pathogens as a result of immune activation.
Funding
This work was supported by the Thailand Research Fund [International Research Network Scholar No. IRN61W0001], awarded to A.T. The authors would like to thank Chulalongkorn University for providing support under the Ratchadapisek Somphot Endowment Fund to the Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomic of Shrimp and for funding W.J.‘s postdoctoral fellowship.
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