Abstract
Ghazal is a very popular poetic form of Punjabi poetry. Every verse of a Ghazal follows the same rhythmical pattern. Punjabi Ghazal is written in Hindi meter and Arud meter. In this research, we deal with Arud meter. Arud is the science of versification being followed in Arabic, Turkish, Persian, Urdu, Hindi and Punjabi as well as some other languages of South Asia. It is a complex set of rules and has a steep learning curve for a novice. In this work, we devised an algorithm to detect the Arud meter in the Punjabi verse and developed a web-based application as well. This web application will not only facilitate the professional poets but also help the students to analyse the poetry in the context of prosody rules. Computing prosody of any poetry depends on recitation instead of written transcription. In the first phase of orthography, we analyse the text phonetically and phonologically to transform it according to the recitation by adding (as in gemination), removing (as in weightless nasalization and aspiration), modifying (as in tonal sounds) and grafting (to assimilate the sounds of neighbouring words) the letters. In the second phase of verse scansion, the verse is passed through a pipeline process of syllabification and step by step weight assignments, figuring out short, flexible and long syllables, ending up in one or more rhythmical patterns. All of these rhythmical patterns are compared one by one to standard and most famous 37 Arud meters. The Cartesian product type matching between verse patterns and Arud meters is solved using nested iterations, regular expressions and finite state automata. The meter that matches with verse pattern is declared as the Arud meter of the verse. This automatic process is more efficient than the manual process and yields satisfactory results.
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Appendices
Appendix I. List of feet
Id | Feet pattern | Feet name |
|---|---|---|
1 | = = = | maf-uu-lun |
2 | = = - = | mus-taf-i-lun |
3 | = = - | maf-uu-l |
4 | = = | fa-lun |
5 | = - = = | faa-i-laa-tun |
6 | = - = - | faa-i-laa-t |
7 | = - = | faa-i-lun |
8 | = - - = | muf-ta-i-lun |
9 | = - | fa-l |
10 | = | fa |
11 | - = = = | ma-faa-ii-lun |
12 | - = = - | ma-faa-ii-l |
13 | - = = | fa-uu-lun |
14 | - = - = | ma-faa-i-lun |
15 | - = - | fa-uu-l |
16 | - = | fa-al |
17 | - - = = | fa-i-laa-tun |
18 | - - = - = | mu-ta-faa-i-lun |
19 | - - = - | fa-i-laa-tu |
20 | - - = | fa-i-lun |
Appendix II. List of meters
ID | Meter pattern | Meter name |
|---|---|---|
1 | = = = /= - = / - = = | hazaj musaddas axram ashtar mahzuuf |
2 | = = / - = = // = = / - = = | mutaqaarib musamman asram |
3 | = = - = / = = - = / = = - = / = = - = | rajaz musamman saalim |
4 | = = - / = - = = // = = - / = - = = | muzaari musamman axrab |
5 | = = - / = - = - / - = = - / = - = | muzaari musamman axrab makfuuf mahzuuf |
6 | = = / - - = / = = / = = / = = / - - = / = = / = = | mutadaarik musamman muzaaaf maqtuu maxbuun |
7 | = = - / - = = = // = = - / - = = = | hazaj musamman axrab |
8 | = = - / - = = - / - = = - / - = = | hazaj musamman axrab makfuuf mahzuuf |
9 | = = - / - = - = / - = = | hazaj musaddas axrab maqbuuz mahzuuf |
10 | = - = = / = - = = / = - = = / = - = | ramal musamman mahzuuf |
11 | = - = = / = - = = / = - = | ramal musaddas mahzuuf |
12 | = - = / = - = / = - = / = - = / = - = / = - = / = - = / = - = | mutadaarik musamman muzaaaf saalim |
13 | = - = / = - = / = - = / = | mutadaarik musamman maqtuu mahzuuf |
14 | =* - = = / - = - = / = = | xafiif musaddas maxbuun mahzuuf maqtuu |
15 | =* - = = / - = - = / - - = | xafiif musaddas maxbuun mahzuuf |
16 | =* - = = / - - = = / = = | ramal musaddas maxbuun mahzuuf maqtuu |
17 | =* - = = / - - = = / - - = | ramal musaddas maxbuun mahzuuf |
18 | =* - = = / - - = = / - - = = / = = | ramal musamman maxbuun mahzuuf maqtuu |
19 | =* - = = / - - = = / - - = = / - - = | ramal musamman maxbuun mahzuuf |
20 | = - = / - = = = // = - = / - = = = | hazaj musamman ashtar |
21 | = - = / - = - = // = - = / - = - = | hazaj musamman ashtar maqbuuz |
22 | = - - = / = - = // = - - = / = - = | munsarih musamman matvii maksuuf |
23 | = - - = / = - = - / = - - = / = | munsarih musamman matvii manhuur |
24 | = - - = / = - - = / = - = | sarii musaddas matvii maksuuf |
25 | = - - = / - = - = // = - - = / - = - = | rajaz musamman matvii maxbuun |
26 | - = = = / - = = = / - = = = / - = = = | hazaj musamman saalim |
27 | - = = = / - = = = / - = = | hazaj musaddas mahzuuf |
28 | - = = / - = = / - = = / - = = | mutaqaarib musamman saalim |
29 | - = = / - = = / - = = / - = | mutaqaarib musamman mahzuuf |
30 | - = - / = = / - = - / = = / - = - / = = / - = - / = = | mutaqaarib musamman muzaaaf maqbuuz aslam |
31 | - = - / = = / - = - / = = / - = - / = = | mutaqaarib musaddas muzaaaf maqbuuz aslam |
32 | - = - = / - = - = / - = - = / - = - = | hazaj musamman maqbuuz |
33 | - = - = / - - = = / - = - = / = = | mujtas musamman maxbuun mahzuuf maqtuu |
34 | - = - = / - - = = / - = - = / - - = | mujtas musamman maxbuun mahzuuf |
35 | - = - = / - - = = / - = - = / - - = = | mujtas musamman maxbuun |
36 | - - = - / = - = = // - - = - / = - = = | ramal musamman mashkuul |
37 | - - = - = / - - = - = / - - = - = / - - = - = | kaamil musamman saalim |
Meters having double slash // have caesura and the symbol =* means the first syllable is properly long, but may be replaced with a short one.
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Abbas, M.R., Asif, K.H. Computing prosody to detect the Arud meter in Punjabi Ghazal. Sādhanā 45, 246 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12046-020-01458-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12046-020-01458-3