Abstract
Sea ice algae, comprised mainly of diatoms, are the main primary producers in polar ecosystems, and they are generally distributed with the highest biomass at the bottom of ice. The taxonomy of ice algae has been traditionally investigated using light microscopy, but molecular techniques, including pigment analysis, have recently provided new insights into the diversity and physiology of ice algae. However, no comparative taxonomic survey has been conducted for ice algae thus far. Here, we investigated differences and similarities in (1) the diversity and (2) the photosynthetic strategies of diatom communities in sea ice and the underlying seawater of Saroma-Ko Lagoon, Hokkaido, Japan, using algal pigment signatures determined by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography, light and scanning electron microscopy and Ion Torrent next-generation sequencing techniques targeting the 18S rRNA gene (i.e., DNA barcoding). Ice algae typically possessed greater biomass (> 20-fold) and chlorophyll (Chl) a breakdown products than under-ice phytoplankton, suggesting that the ice algae formed blooms, and cell senescence and disruption could be significant mitigating factors. At the genus level, the diversity of diatoms in sea ice was higher than in under-ice seawater, although the evenness was comparable or lower in ice algae than in under-ice phytoplankton. Ice algae had a larger xanthophyll pool size and a higher ratio of photoprotective to photosynthetic pigments (11-fold and 4.5-fold higher, respectively) than under-ice phytoplankton. The results indicated that ice algae were well adapted to changes in the light regime, which could partly support their survival capability and high taxonomic diversity.
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Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Ms. Haruka Nakajima, Mr. Tetsu Tosaka, and Ms. Wendy Wyker for their assistance in the identification of protists with light microscopy. We wish to acknowledge Dr. Toru Hirawake and Dr. Andrew Martin for their assistance in the sea ice sampling. We are grateful to Prof. Shigeru Aoki for organizing the sea ice observations in Saroma-Ko Lagoon. This work was partially supported by JSPS KAKENHI (Grant Numbers JP18H00352 and JP17H00775).
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Yoshida, K., Hattori, H., Toyota, T. et al. Differences in diversity and photoprotection capability between ice algae and under-ice phytoplankton in Saroma-Ko Lagoon, Japan: a comparative taxonomic diatom analysis with microscopy and DNA barcoding. Polar Biol 43, 1873–1885 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-020-02751-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-020-02751-x