Abstract
In this paper an all optical analog to digital convertor was proposed based on photonic crystals. Four nonlinear ring resonators were used for designing a nonlinear demultiplexer, which can produce discrete levels of optical intensities from the input analog signal. Then by creating suitable connections between the output channels and waveguides of the demultiplexer, the coding section was created and the final structure was realized. For the proposed structure the maximum delay time is about 4 ps.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abolhaasani-Kaleibar, A., Andalib, A.: Studying photonics crystal cavities by design and simulation of a 1 to 8 optical demultiplexer. Frequenz 72, 8–13 (2018)
Alipour-Banaei, H., Rabati, M.G., Abdollahzadeh-Badelbou, P., Mehdizadeh, F.: Effect of self-collimated beams on the operation of photonic crystal decoders. J. Electromagn. Waves Appl. 30, 1440–1448 (2016)
Andalib, A.: A novel proposal for all-optical Galois field adder based on photonic crystals. Photon. Netw. Commun. 35, 392–396 (2018)
Askarian, A., Akbarizadeh, G., Fartash, M.: A novel proposal for all optical half-subtractor based on photonic crystals. Opt. Quantum Electron. 51, 264 (2019a)
Askarian, A., Akbarizadeh, G., Fartash, M.: All-optical half-subtractor based on photonic crystals. Appl. Opt. 58, 5931–5935 (2019b)
Derakhshan, M., Naseri, A., Ghazizadeh, M., Talebzadeh, R.: Simulant designing of an ultra-compact AND, OR logical gates based on two-dimensional photonic crystal waveguides. Photon. Netw. Commun. 36, 338–343 (2018)
Dideban, A., Habibiyan, H., Ghafoorifard, H.: Photonic crystal channel drop filter based on ring-shaped defects for DWDM systems. Phys. E Low Dimens. Syst. Nanostruct. 87, 77–83 (2017)
Dutton, H.J.R.: Understanding Optical Communications. Prentice Hall PTR, Upper Saddle River (1998)
Fakouri-Farid, V., Andalib, A.: Design and simulation of an all optical photonic crystal-based comparator. Optik (Stuttg) 172, 241–248 (2018)
Fallahi, V., Seifouri, M., Olyaee, S., Alipour-Banaei, H.: Four-channel optical demultiplexer based on hexagonal photonic crystal ring resonators. Opt. Rev. 24, 605–610 (2017)
Gholamnejad, S., Zavvari, M.: Design and analysis of all-optical 4–2 binary encoder based on photonic crystal. Opt. Quantum Electron. 49, 302 (2017)
Hassangholizadeh-Kashtiban, M., Alipour-Banaei, H., Tavakoli, M.B., Sabbaghi-Nadooshan, R.: An ultra fast optical reversible gate based on electromagnetic scattering in nonlinear photonic crystal resonant cavities. Opt. Mater. (Amst). 94, 371–377 (2019)
Jalali, P., Andalib, A.: Application of nonlinear PhC-based resonant cavities for realizing all optical Galois Filed adder. Optik (Stuttg) 180, 498–504 (2019)
Jandieri, V., Khomeriki, R., Erni, D.: Realization of true all-optical AND logic gate based on nonlinear coupled air-hole type photonic crystal waveguides. Opt. Express 26, 19845–19853 (2018)
Jiang, Y.-C., Liu, S.-B., Zhang, H.-F., Kong, X.-K.: Realization of all optical half-adder based on self-collimated beams by two-dimensional photonic crystals. Opt. Commun. 348, 90–94 (2015a)
Jiang, Y.-C., Liu, S.-B., Zhang, H.-F., Kong, X.-K.: Design of ultra-compact all optical half subtracter based on self-collimation in the two-dimensional photonic crystals. Opt. Commun. 356, 325–329 (2015b)
Kannaiyan, V., Savarimuthu, R., Dhamodharan, S.K.: Performance analysis of an eight channel demultiplexer using a 2D-photonic crystal quasi square ring resonator. Opto Electron. Rev. 25, 74–79 (2017)
Kannaiyan, V., Savarimuthu, R., Dhamodharan, S.K.: Investigation of 2D-photonic crystal resonant cavity based WDM demultiplexer. Opto Electron. Rev. 26, 108–115 (2018)
Karimzadeh, M., Andalib, A.: A proposal for all optical XNOR gate using photonic crystal based nonlinear cavities. J. Opt. Commun. 1, 4–7 (2018)
Kaur, S.: All optical data comparator and decoder using SOA-based Mach–Zehnder interferometer. Opt. Int. J. Light Electron Opt. 124, 2650–2653 (2013)
Khosravi, S., Zavvari, M.: Design and analysis of integrated all-optical 2 × 4 decoder based on 2D photonic crystals. Photon. Netw. Commun. 35, 122–128 (2018)
Kumar, A., Gupta, M.M., Medhekar, S.: All-optical NOT and AND gates based on 2D nonlinear photonic crystal ring resonant cavity. Optik (Stuttg) 167, 164–169 (2018)
Liu, D., Gao, Y., Tong, A., Hu, S.: Absolute photonic band gap in 2D honeycomb annular photonic crystals. Phys. Lett. A 379, 214–217 (2015)
Mehdizadeh, F., Alipour-Banaei, H., Serajmohammadi, S.: Design and simulation of all optical decoder based on nonlinear PhCRRs. Opt. Int. J. Light Electron Opt. 156, 701–706 (2018)
Mehdizadeh, F., Soroosh, M., Alipour-Banaei, H.: Proposal for 4-to-2 optical encoder based on photonic crystals. IET Optoelectron. 11, 29–35 (2017a)
Mehdizadeh, F., Soroosh, M., Alipour-Banaei, H., Farshidi, E.: A novel proposal for all optical analog-to-digital converter based on photonic crystal structures. IEEE Photon J. 9, 1–11 (2017b)
Mehdizadeh, F., Soroosh, M., Alipour-Banaei, H., Farshidi, E.: Ultra-fast analog-to-digital converter based on a nonlinear triplexer and an optical coder with a photonic crystal structure. Appl. Opt. 56, 1799–1806 (2017c)
Mehdizadeh, F., Soroosh, M., Alipour-Banaei, H., Farshidi, E.: All optical 2-bit analog to digital converter using photonic crystal based cavities. Opt. Quantum Electron. 49, 38–49 (2017d)
Miao, B., Chen, C., Sharkway, A., Shi, S., Prather, D.W.: Two bit optical analog-to-digital converter based on photonic crystals. Opt. Express 14, 7966–7971 (2006)
Mirjalili, S.M., Mirjalili, S.Z.: Issues when designing hypoellipse photonic crystal waveguides. Infrared Phys. Technol. 69, 62–67 (2015)
Mirjalili, S.M., Mirjalili, S.Z.: Asymmetric oval-shaped-hole photonic crystal waveguide design by artificial intelligence optimizers. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 22, 258–264 (2016)
Mirjalili, S.M., Mirjalili, S.Z., Saremi, S., Mirjalili, S.: Sine cosine algorithm: theory, literature review, and application in designing bend photonic crystal waveguides. In: Mirjalili, S., Dong, S.J., Lewis, A. (eds.) Nature-Inspired Optimizers: Theories, Literature Reviews and Applications, pp. 201–217. Springer International Publishing, Cham (2020b)
Mirjalili, S., Mirjalili, S.M., Saremi, S., Mirjalili, S.: Whale optimization algorithm: theory, literature review, and application in designing photonic crystal filters. In: Mirjalili, S., Song Dong, J., Lewis, A. (eds.) Nature-Inspired Optimizers: Theories, Literature Reviews and Applications, pp. 219–238. Springer International Publishing, Cham (2020a)
Moloudian, G., Sabbaghi-Nadooshan, R., Hassangholizadeh-Kashtiban, M.: Design of all-optical tunable filter based on two-dimensional photonic crystals for WDM (wave division multiplexing) applications. J. Chin. Inst. Eng. 39, 971–976 (2016)
Moniem, T.A.: All optical active high decoder using integrated 2D square lattice photonic crystals. J. Mod. Opt. 62, 1643–1649 (2015)
Moradi, R.: All optical half subtractor using photonic crystal based nonlinear ring resonators. Opt. Quantum Electron. 51, 1–9 (2019)
Parandin, F., Malmir, M.-R., Naseri, M.: All-optical half-subtractor with low-time delay based on two-dimensional photonic crystals. Superlattices Microstruct. 109, 437–441 (2017)
Rahmani, A., Mehdizadeh, F.: Application of nonlinear PhCRRs in realizing all optical half-adder. Opt. Quantum Electron. 50, 30–39 (2017)
Rashki, Z., Seyyed Mahdavi Chabok, S.J.: Novel design of optical channel drop filters based on two-dimensional photonic crystal ring resonators. Opt. Commun. 395, 231–235 (2016)
Salimzadeh, A., Alipour-Banaei, H.: An all optical 8 to 3 encoder based on photonic crystal OR-gate ring resonators. Opt. Commun. 410, 793–798 (2018a)
Salimzadeh, S., Alipour-Banaei, H.: A novel proposal for all optical 3 to 8 decoder based on nonlinear ring resonators. J. Mod. Opt. 65, 2017–2024 (2018b)
Seif-Dargahi, H.: Ultra-fast all-optical encoder using photonic crystal-based ring resonators. Photon. Netw. Commun. 36, 272–277 (2018)
Serajmohammadi, S., Alipour-Banaei, H., Mehdizadeh, F.: Proposal for realizing an all-optical half adder based on photonic crystals. Appl. Opt. 57, 1617–1621 (2018)
Serajmohammadi, S., Alipour-Banaei, H., Mehdizadeh, F.: A novel proposal for all optical 1-bit comparator using nonlinear PhCRRs. Photon. Nanostruct. Fundam. Appl. 34, 19–23 (2019)
Surendar, A., Asghari, M., Mehdizadeh, F.: A novel proposal for all-optical 1-bit comparator using nonlinear PhCRRs. Photon. Netw. Commun. 38, 244–249 (2019)
Taalbi, A., Bassou, G., Youcef Mahmoud, M.: New design of channel drop filters based on photonic crystal ring resonators. Opt. Int. J. Light Electron Opt. 124, 824–827 (2013)
Talebzadeh, R., Soroosh, M., Daghooghi, T.: A 4-channel demultiplexer based on 2D photonic crystal using line defect resonant cavity. IETE J. Res. 62, 866–872 (2016a)
Talebzadeh, R., Soroosh, M., Mehdizadeh, F.: Improved low channel spacing high quality factor four-channel demultiplexer based on photonic crystal ring resonators. Opt. Appl. 46, 553–564 (2016b)
Talebzadeh, R., Soroosh, M., Kavian, Y.S., Mehdizadeh, F.: All-optical 6- and 8-channel demultiplexers based on photonic crystal multilayer ring resonators in Si/C rods. Photon. Netw. Commun. 34, 248–257 (2017a)
Talebzadeh, R., Soroosh, M., Kavian, Y.S., Mehdizadeh, F.: Eight-channel all-optical demultiplexer based on photonic crystal resonant cavities. Opt. Int. J. Light Electron Opt. 140, 331–337 (2017b)
Tavousi, A., Mansouri-Birjandi, M.A.: Optical-analog-to-digital conversion based on successive-like approximations in octagonal-shape photonic crystal ring resonators. Superlattices Microstruct. 114, 23–31 (2017)
Tavousi, A., Mansouri-Birjandi, M.A., Saffari, M.: Successive approximation-like 4-bit full-optical analog-to-digital converter based on Kerr-like nonlinear photonic crystal ring resonators. Phys. E Low Dimens. Syst. Nanostruct. 83, 101–106 (2016)
Tavousi, A., Mansouri-Birjandi, M.A., Ghadrdan, M., Ranjbar-Torkamani, M.: Application of photonic crystal ring resonator nonlinear response for full-optical tunable add–drop filtering. Photon. Netw. Commun. 34, 131–139 (2017)
Vali-Nasab, A.-M., Mir, A., Talebzadeh, R.: Design and simulation of an all optical full-adder based on photonic crystals. Opt. Quantum Electron. 51, 161 (2019)
Venkatachalam, K., Kumar, D.S., Robinson, S.: Investigation on 2D photonic crystal-based eight-channel wavelength-division demultiplexer. Photon. Netw. Commun. 34, 100–110 (2017)
Wang, Y., Zhang, X., Dong, J., Huang, D.: Simultaneous demonstration on all-optical digital encoder and comparator at 40 Gb/s with semiconductor optical amplifiers. Opt. Express 15, 15080–15085 (2007)
Yablonovitch, E.: Inhibited spontaneous emission in solid-state physics and electronics. Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 2059–2062 (1987)
Ying, C., Jing, D., Jia, S., Qiguang, Z., Weihong, B.: Study on tunable filtering performance of compound defect photonic crystal with magnetic control. Opt. Int. J. Light Electron Opt. 126, 5353–5356 (2015)
Ying, Z., Zhao, Z., Feng, C., Mital, R., Dhar, S., Pan, D.Z., Soref, R., Chen, R.T.: Automated logic synthesis for electro-optic logic-based integrated optical computing. Opt. Express 26, 28002–28012 (2018)
Youcef Mahmoud, M., Bassou, G., Taalbi, A., Chekroun, Z.M.: Optical channel drop filters based on photonic crystal ring resonators. Opt. Commun. 285, 368–372 (2012)
Youssefi, B., Moravvej-Farshi, M.K., Granpayeh, N.: Two bit all-optical analog-to-digital converter based on nonlinear Kerr effect in 2D photonic crystals. Opt. Commun. 285, 3228–3233 (2012)
Zhang, Q., Zhen, Z., Liu, C., Jariwala, D., Cui, X.: Gate-tunable polariton superlens in 2D/3D heterostructures. Opt. Express 27(13), 18628–18641 (2019)
Zhao, T., Asghari, M., Mehdizadeh, F.: An all-optical digital 2-to-1 multiplexer using photonic crystal-based nonlinear ring resonators. J. Electron. Mater. 48, 1–5 (2019)
Zhu, L., Mehdizadeh, F., Talebzadeh, R.: Application of photonic-crystal-based nonlinear ring resonators for realizing an all-optical comparator. Appl. Opt. 58, 8316–8321 (2019)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shamsi, A., Moradi, R. All optical analog to digital convertor using nonlinear photonic crystal ring resonators. Opt Quant Electron 52, 435 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-020-02541-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-020-02541-z