Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Policy in pediatric nephrology: successes, failures, and the impact on disparities

  • Review
  • Published:
Pediatric Nephrology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Pediatric nephrology has a history rooted in pediatric advocacy and has made numerous contributions to child health policy affecting pediatric kidney diseases. Despite this progress, profound social disparities remain for marginalized and socially vulnerable children with kidney disease. Different risk factors, such as genetic predisposition, environmental factors, social risk factors, or health care access influence the emergence and progression of pediatric kidney disease, as well as access to life-saving interventions, leading to disparate outcomes. This review will summarize the breadth of literature on social determinants of health in children with kidney disease worldwide and highlight policy-based initiatives that mitigate the adverse social factors to generate greater equity in pediatric kidney disease.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Saran R, Robinson B, Kevin CA, Agodoa LYC, Bragg-Gresham J, Balkrishnan R, Bhave N, Dietrich X, Ding Z, Eggers PW, Gaipov A, Gillen D, Gipson D, Gu H, Guro P, Haggerty D, Han Y, He K, Herman W, Heung M, Hirth RA, Hsiung JT, Hutton D, Inoue A, Jacobsen SJ, Jin Y, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kapke A, Kleine CE, Kovesdy CP, Krueter W, Kurtz V, Li Y, Liu S, Marroquin MV, McCullough K, Molnar MZ, Modi Z, Montez-Rath M, Moradi H, Morgenstern H, Mukhopadhyay P, Nallamothu B, Nguyen DV, Norris KC, O'Hare AM, Obi Y, Park C, Pearson J, Pisoni R, Potukushi PK, Repeck K, Rhee CM, Shaubel DE, Schrager J, Selewski DT, Shamraj R, Shaw SF, Shi JM, Shieu M, Sim JJ, Soohoo M, Steffick D, Streja E, Sumida K, Tamura MK, Tilea A, Turf M, Wang D, Weng W, Woodside KJ, Wyncott A, Xiang J, Xin X, Yin M, You AS, Zhang X, Zhou H, Shahinian V (2020) US renal data system 2019 annual report: epidemiology of kidney disease in the United States. Am J Kidney Dis 3(3, Supplemental 1):S1–S772. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2019.09.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Patzer RE, McClellan WM (2012) Influence of race, ethnicity and socioeconomic status on kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 8:533–541. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneph.2012.117

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Sereni F, Edefonti A, Lepore M, Agostoni C, Diaz MS, Galan YS, Montini G, Tognoni G (2016) Social and economic determinants of pediatric health inequalities: the model of chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Res 79:159–168. https://doi.org/10.1038/pr.2015.194

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Chadha V, Warady BA (2005) Epidemiology of pediatric chronic kidney disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 12:343–352. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ackd.2005.07.013

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Wise PH (2002) The anatomy of a disparity in infant mortality. Annu Rev Public Health 24:341–362. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.24.100901.140816

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Warady BA, Abraham AG, Schwartz GJ, Wong CS, Muñoz A, Betoko A, Mitsnefes M, Kaskel F, Greenbaum LA, Mark RH, Flynn J, Moxey-Mims MM, Furth S (2015) Predictors of rapid progression of glomerular and non-glomerular kidney disease in children: the CKiD cohort. Am J Kidney Dis 65:878–888. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.01.008

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. ESCAPE Trial Group, Wühl E, Trivelli A, Picca S, Litwin M, Peco-Antic A, Zurowska A, Testa S, Jankauskiene A, Emre S, Caldas-Afonso A, Anarat A, Niaudet P, Mir S, Bakkaloglu A, Enke B, Montini G, Wingen AM, Sallay P, Jeck N, Berg U, Calisan S, Wygoda S, Hohbach-Hohenfellner K, Dusek J, Urasinski T, Arbeiter K, Neuhaus T, Gellermann J, Drozdz D, Fischbach M, Möller K, Wigger M, Peruzzi L, Mehls O, Schaefer F (2009) Strict blood-pressure control and progression of renal failure in children. N Engl J Med 361:1639–1650. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0902066

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Harambat J, Ekulu PM (2016) Inequalities in access to Pediatric ESRD care: a global health challenge. Pediatr Nephol 31:353–358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-015-3263-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Freeman MA, Myaskovsky L (2015) An overview of disparities and interventions in pediatric kidney transplantation worldwide. Pediatr Nephrol 30:1077–1086. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-014-2879-3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Garcia-Garcia G, Jha V, on behalf of the World Kidney Day Steering Committee (2015) Chronic kidney disease in disadvantaged populations. Pediatr Nephrol 30:183–187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-014-2996-z

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Rodrigue JR, Kazley AS, Mandelbrot DA, Hays R, Rudow DL, Baliga P (2015) Living donor kidney transplantation: overcoming disparities in live kidney donation in the US—recommendations from a consensus conference. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 10:1687–1695. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.00700115

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. U.S. Renal Data System, USRDS 2008 Annual data report: Atlas of Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Renal Disease in the United States, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 2008. https://www.usrds.org/2008/view/default.asp. Accessed 19 March 2020.

  13. Groothoff J, Harambat J. European Society for Paediatric Nephrology: ESPN/ERA-EDTA Registry. http://www.espn-reg.org

  14. Hattori S, Yosioka K, Honda M, Ito H (2002) Japanese Society for Pediatric Nephrology. The 1998 report of the Japanese National Registry data on pediatric end-stage renal disease patients. Pediatr Nephrol 17:456–461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-002-0848-8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. McTaggart S, Kennedy S, McDonald S, Henning P, Dent H (2009) ANZDATA Registry 2009 Report. https://www.anzdata.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Ch11-1.pdf. Accessed 19 March 2020.

  16. Shahdadi H, Sheyback M, Rafiemanesh H, Balouchi A, Bouya S, Mahmoudirad G (2019) Causes of chronic kidney disease in Iranian children: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Ann Glob Health 85:34. https://doi.org/10.5334/aogh.2391

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Kamath N, Iyengar AA (2017) Chronic kidney disease (CKD): an observational study of etiology, severity and burden of comorbidities. Indian J Pediatr 84:822–825. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-017-2413-2

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Ng DK, Robertson CC, Woroniecki RP, Limou S, Gillies CE, Reidy KJ, Winkler CA, Hingorani S, Gibson KL, Hjorten R, Sethna CB, Kopp JB, Moxey-Mims M, Furth SL, Warady BA, Kretzler M, Sedor JR, Kaskel FJ, Sampson MG (2017) APOL1-associated glomerular disease among African-American children: a collaboration of the chronic kidney disease in children (CKiD) and Nephrotic syndrome study network (NEPTUNE) cohorts. Nephrol Dial Transplant 32:983–990. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfw061

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Wanner N, Bechtel-Walz W (2017) Epigenetics of kidney disease. Cell Tissue Res 369:75–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-017-2588-x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Bello AK, Levin A, Lunney M, Osman MA, Ye F, Ashuntantang GE, Bellorin-Font E, Benghanem Gharbi M, Davison SN, Chnaimat M, Harden P, Htay H, Jha V, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kerr PG, Klarenbach S, Kovesdy CP, Luyckx VA, Neuen BL, O'Donoghue D, Ossareh S, Perl J, Rashid HU, Rondeau E, See E, Saad S, Sola L, Tchokhonelidze I, Tesar V, Tungsanga K, Turan Kazancioglu R, Wang AYM, Wiebe N, Yang CW, Zemechenkov A, Zhao MH, Jager KJ, Caskey F, Perkovic V, Jindal KK, Okpechi IG, Tonelli M, Freehally J, Harris DC, Johnson DW (2019) Status of care for end stage kidney disease in countries and regions worldwide: international cross sectional survey. BMJ 367:l5873. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l5873

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Gulati S, Mittal S, Sharma RK, Gupta A (1999) Etiology and outcome of chronic renal failure in Indian children. Pediatr Nephrol 13:594–596. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004670050750

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Vachvanichsanong P, Dissaneewate P, McNeil E (2008) Childhood chronic kidney disease in a developing country. Pediatr Nephrol 23:1143–1147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-008-0775-4

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Tan SY, Naing L, Han A, Khalil MAM, Chong VH, Tan J (2016) Chronic kidney disease in children and adolescents in Brunei Darussalam. World J Nephrol 5:213–219. https://doi.org/10.5527/wjn.v5.i2.213

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Orta-Sibu N, Lopez M, Moriyon JC, Chavez JB (2002) Renal diseases in children in Venezuela, South America. Pediatr Nephrol 17:566–569. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-002-0892-4

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Anochie I, Eke F (2003) Chronic renal failure in children: a report from Port Harcourt, Nigeria (1985-2000). Pediatr Nephrol 18:692–695. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-003-1150-0

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Halle MP, Lapsap CT, Barla E, Fouda H, Djantio H, Moudze BK, Akazong CA, Priso EB (2017) Epidemiology and outcomes of children with renal failure in the pediatric ward of a tertiary hospital in Cameroon. BMC Pediatr 17:202. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-017-0955-0

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Lalji R, Francis A, Johnson DW, McCulloch M (2009) Health disparities in access to kidney replacement therapy amongst children and adolescents with end-stage kidney disease in low- and lower-middle-income countries. Kidney Int 97:463–465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2019.11.030

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Luyckx VA, Brenner BM (2005) Low birth weight, nephron number, and kidney disease. Kidney Int 68:S68–S77. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.09712.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Willis E, McManus P, Magallanes N, Johnson S, Majnik A (2014) Conquering racial disparities in perinatal outcomes. Clin Perinatol 41:847-875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clp.2014.08.008

  30. McKinnon B, Yang S, Kramer MS, Bushnik T, Sheppard AJ, Kaufman JS (2016) Comparison of black–white disparities in preterm birth between Canada and the United States. Can Med Assoc J 188:E19–E26. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.150464

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Messer LC, Vinikoor LC, Laraia BA, Kaufman JS, Eyster J, Holzman C, Culhane J, Elo I, Burke JG, O’Campo P (2008) Socioeconomic domains and associations with preterm birth. Soc Sci Med 67:1247–1257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.06.009

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Brophy PD, Shoham DA, Charlton JR, Carmody JB, Reidy KJ, Harshman L, Segar J, Askenazi D (2015) Early-life course socioeconomic factors and chronic kidney disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 22:16–23. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ackd.2014.06.006

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Eke FU, Ladapo TA, Okpere AN, Olatise O (2020) The current status of kidney transplantation in Nigerian children - still awaiting light at the end of the tunnel. Pediatr Nephrol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-020-04753-7

  34. Patzer RE, Amaral S, Klein M, Kutner N, Perryman JP, Gazmararian JA, McClellan WM (2012) Racial disparities in pediatric access to kidney transplantation: does socioeconomic status play a role? Am J Transplant 12:369–378. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011.03888.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Seikaly MG, Salhab N, Browne R (2005) Patterns and time of initiation of dialysis in US children. Pediatr Nephrol 20:982–988. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-004-1803-7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Andreoni KA, Forbes R, Andreoni RM, Phillips G, Stewart H, Ferris M (2013) Age-related kidney transplant outcomes: health disparities amplified in adolescence. JAMA Intern Med 173:1524–1532. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.8495

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Cao B, Adler JT, Bababekov YJ, Markmann JF, Chang DC, Yeh H (2018) Pediatric kidney transplantation and mortality: distance to transplant center matters. Pediatr Transplant 22(2). https://doi.org/10.1111/petr.13120

  38. Miller R, Akateh C, Thompson N, Tumin D, Hayes D, Black SM, Tobias JD (2018) County socioeconomic characteristics and pediatric renal transplantation outcomes. Pediatr Nephrol 33:1227–1234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-018-3928-0

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Francis A, Didsbury M, Lim WH, Kim S, White S, Craig JC, Wong G (2016) The impact of socioeconomic status and geographic remoteness on access to pre-emptive kidney transplantation and transplant outcomes among children. Pediatr Nephrol 31:1011–1019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-015-3279-z

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Konstantyner T, Sesso R, de Camargo MF, de Santis FL, Koch-Nogueira PC (2015) Pediatric chronic dialysis in Brazil: epidemiology and regional inequalities. PLoS One 10:e0135649. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135649

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Boehm M, Winkelmayer W, Arbeiter K (2010) Late referral to paediatric renal failure service impairs access to pre-emptive kidney transplantation. Arch Dis Child 95:643–638. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.2009.174581

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Samuel SM, Hemmelgarn B, Nettel-Aguirre A, Foster B, Soo A, Alexander RT, Tonelli M (2012) Association between residence location and likelihood of transplantation among pediatric dialysis patients. Pediatr Transplant 16:735–741. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3046.2012.01694.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Ferris ME, Gipson DS, Kimmel PL, Eggers PW (2006) Trends in treatment and outcomes of survival of adolescents initiating end-stage renal disease care in the United States of America. Pediatr Nephrol 21:1020–1026. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-006-0059-9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Kumar VA, Sidell MA, Jones JP, Vonesh EF (2014) Survival of propensity matched incident peritoneal and hemodialysis patients in a United States health care system. Kidney Int 86:1016–1022. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2014.224

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Yeates K, Zhu N, Vonesh E, Trpeski L, Blake P, Fenton S (2012) Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are associated with similar outcomes for end-stage renal disease treatment in Canada. Nephrol Dial Transplant 27:3568–3575. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfr674

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Furth SL, Powe NR, Hwang W, Neu AM, Fivush BA (1997) Racial differences in choice of dialysis modality for children with end-stage renal disease. Pediatrics 99:e6–e6. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.99.4.e6

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Leonard MB, Stablein DM, Ho M, Jabs K, Feldman HI (2004) Racial and center differences in hemodialysis adequacy in children treated at pediatric centers: a North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study (NAPRTCS) report. J Am Soc Nephrol 15:2923–2932. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ASN.0000143475.39388.DE

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Atkinson MA, Neu AM, Fivush BA, Frankenfield DL (2007) Ethnic disparity in outcomes for pediatric peritoneal dialysis patients in the ESRD clinical performance measures project. Pediatr Nephrol 22:1939–1946. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-007-0593-0

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Patzer RE, Sayed BA, Kutner N, McClellan WM, Amaral S (2013) Racial and ethnic differences in pediatric access to preemptive kidney transplantation in the United States. Am J Transplant 13:1769–1781. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.12299

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Vats AN, Donaldson L, Fine RN, Chavers BM (2000) Pretransplant dialysis status and outcome of renal transplantation in North American children: a NAPRTCS Study. Transplantation 69:1414–1419. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007890-200004150-00035

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Laster M, Soohoo M, Hall C, Streja E, Rhee CM, Ravel VA, Reddy U, Norris KC, Salusky IB, Kalantar-Zadeh K (2017) Racial–ethnic disparities in mortality and kidney transplant outcomes among pediatric dialysis patients. Pediatr Nephrol 32:685–695. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-016-3530-2

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Furth SL, Garg PP, Neu AM, Hwang W, Fivush BA, Powe NR (2000) Racial differences in access to the kidney transplant waiting list for children and adolescents with end-stage renal disease. Pediatrics 106:756–761

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Leonard MB, Donaldson LA, Ho M, Geary DF (2003) A prospective cohort study of incident maintenance dialysis in children: an NAPRTC study. Kidney Int 63:744–755. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00788.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Ng DK, Moxey-Mims M, Warady BA, Furth SL, Muñoz A (2016) Racial differences in renal replacement therapy initiation among children with a nonglomerular cause of chronic kidney disease. Ann Epidemiol 26:780–787.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2016.09.011

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Omoloja A, Mitsnefes M, Talley L, Benfield M, Neu A (2007) Racial differences in graft survival: a report from the north American Pediatric Renal Trials and Collaborative Studies (NAPRTCS). Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2:524–528. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.03100906

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Patzer RE, Mohan S, Kutner N, McClellan WM, Amaral S (2015) Racial and ethnic disparities renal allograft survival in the United States. Kidney Int 87:584–592. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2014.345

  57. Ku E, McCulloch CE, Grimes BA, Johansen KL (2017) Racial and ethnic disparities in survival of children with ESRD. J Am Soc Nephrol 28:1584–1591. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2016060706

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Ricardo AC, Pereira LN, Betoko A, Goh V, Amarah A, Warady BA, Moxey-Mims M, Furth S, Lash JP (2018) Parental health literacy and progression of chronic kidney disease in children. Pediatr Nephrol 33:1759–1764. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-018-3962-y

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Grace BS, Kara T, Kennedy SE, McDonald SP (2014) Racial disparities in pediatric kidney transplantation in New Zealand. Pediatr Transplant 18:689–697. https://doi.org/10.1111/petr.12322

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Grace BS, Kennedy SE, Clayton PA, McDonald SP (2014) Racial disparities in paediatric kidney transplantation. Pediatr Nephrol 29:125–132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-013-2572-y

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Matsuda-Abedini M, Al-AlSheikh K, Hurley RM, Matsell DG, Chow J, Carter JE, Lirenman DS (2009) Outcome of kidney transplantation in Canadian aboriginal children in the province of British Columbia. Pediatr Transplant 13:856–860. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3046.2008.01074.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Schoenmaker NJ, Tromp WF, van der Lee JH (2012) Disparities in dialysis treatment and outcomes for Dutch and Belgian children with immigrant parents. Pediatr Nephrol 27:1369–1379. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-012-2135-7

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Tromp WF, Cransberg K, van der Lee JH, Bouts AH, Collard L, Van Damme-Lombaerts R, Godefroid N, Van Hoeck KJ, Koster-Kamphuis L, Lilien MR, Raes A, Ranguelov N, Groothoff (2012) Fewer pre-emptive renal transplantations and more rejections in immigrant children compared to native Dutch and Belgian children. Nephrol Dial Transplant 27:2588–2593. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfr628

  64. Tjaden LA, Noordzij M, van Stralen KJ, Keuhni CE, Raes A, Cornelissen EA, O'Brien C, Papachristou F, Schaefer F, Groothoff JW, Jager KJ (2016) Racial disparities in access to and outcomes of kidney transplantation in children, adolescents, and young adults: results from the ESPN/ERA-EDTA (European Society of Pediatric Nephrology/European renal association−European Dialysis and transplant association) registry. Am J Kidney Dis 67:293–301. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.09.023

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Tjaden LA, Jager KJ, Bonthuis M, Kuehni CE, Lilien MR, Seeman T, Stefanidis CJ, Tse Y, Harambat J, Groothoff JW, Noordzij M (2017) Racial variation in cardiovascular disease risk factors among European children on renal replacement therapy—results from the European Society for Paediatric Nephrology/European Renal Association – European Dialysis and Transplant Association Registry. Nephrol Dial Transplant 32:1908–1917. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfw423

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Schaefer F, Borzych-Duzalka D, Azocar M, Loza Munnariz R, Sever L, Aksu N, Sanchez Barbosa L, Silva Galan Y, Xu H, Coccia PA, Szabo A, Wong W, Salim R, Vidal E, Pottoore S, Warady B; IPPN Investigators (2012) Impact of global economic disparities on practices and outcomes of chronic peritoneal Dialysis in children: insights from the International Pediatric Peritoneal Dialysis Network registry. Perit Dial Int 32:399–409. https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2012.00126

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Chesnaye NC, Schaefer F, Bonthuis M, Holman R, Baiko S, Baskin E, Bjerre A, Cloarec S, Cornelissen EAM, Espinosa L, Heaf J, Stone R, Shtiza D, Zagozdzon I, Harambat J, Jager KJ, Groothoff JW, van Stralen KJ (2017) Mortality risk disparities in children receiving chronic renal replacement therapy for the treatment of end-stage renal disease across Europe: an ESPN-ERA/EDTA registry analysis. Lancet 389:2128–2137. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30063-6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Nogueira PCK, de Carvalho MFC, de Santis FL, Konstantyner T, Sesso R (2016) Inequality in pediatric kidney transplantation in Brazil. Pediatr Nephrol 31:501–507. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-015-3226-z

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Banerjee T, Crews DC, Wesson DE, Dharmarajan S, Saran R, Burros N, Saydah S, Powe N (2017) Food insecurity, CKD, and subsequent ESRD in US adults. Am J Kidney Dis 70:38–47. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.10.035

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Alwan A, MacLean DR, Riley LM, d’Espaignet ET, Mathers CD, Stevens GA, Bettcher DA (2010) Monitoring and surveillance of chronic non-communicable diseases: progress and capacity in high-burden countries. Lancet 376:1861–1868. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61853-3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Starr MC, Fisher K, Thompson K, Thurber-Smith K, Hingorani S (2018) A pilot investigation of food insecurity among children seen in an outpatient pediatric nephrology clinic. Prev Med Rep 10:113–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.02.019

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Pitcher GJ, Beale PG, Bowley DM, Hahn D, Thomson PD (2006) Pediatric renal transplantation in a South African teaching hospital: a 20-year perspective. Pediatr Transplant 10:441–448. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3046.2006.00489.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Glenn D, Ocegueda S, Nazareth M, Zhong Y, Weinstein A, Primack W, Cochat P, Ferris M (2016) The global pediatric nephrology workforce: a survey of the International Pediatric Nephrology association. BMC Nephrol 17:83. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-016-0299-2

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  74. Primack WA, Meyers KE, Kirkwood SJ, Ruch-Ross HS, Radabaugh CL, Greenbaum LA (2015) The US Pediatric nephrology workforce: a report commissioned by the American Academy of Pediatrics. Am J Kidney Dis 66:33–39. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.03.022

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Ferris M, Iglesia E, Ko Z, Amamoo A, Mahan J, Tejas D, Gibson K, Jhaveri K, Primack W (2014) Wanted: pediatric nephrologists!-why trainees are not choosing pediatric nephrology. Ren Fail 36:1340–1344. https://doi.org/10.3109/0886022X.2014.937671

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Weinstein AR, Reidy K, Norwood VF, Mahan JD (2010) Factors influencing pediatric nephrology trainee entry into the workforce. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 5:1770–1774. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.07071009

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  77. Prikhodina L, Ehrich J, Shroff R, Topaloglu R, Levtchenko E, European Society for Paediatric Nephrology (2020) The European Society for Paediatric Nephrology study of pediatric renal care in Europe: comparative analysis 1998-2017. Pediatr Nephrol 35:103–111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-019-04378-5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Kadatz M, Gill JS, Gill J, Formica RN, Klarenbach S (2020) Economic evaluation of extending Medicare immunosuppressive drug coverage for kidney transplant recipients in the current era. J Am Soc Nephrol 31:218–228. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2019070646

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Amaral S, Patzer RE, Kutner N, McClellan W (2012) Racial disparities in access to pediatric kidney transplantation since share 35. J Am Soc Nephrol 23:1069–1077. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2011121145

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Harambat J, van Stralen KJ, Schaefer F, Grenda R, Jankauskiene A, Kostic M, Macher MA, Maxwell H, Puretic Z, Raes A, Rubik J, Sørenson SS, Toots Ü, Topaloglu R, Tönshoff B, Verrina E, Jager KJ (2013) Disparities in policies, practices and rates of pediatric kidney transplantation in Europe. Am J Transplant 13:2066–2074. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.12288

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Navaneethan SD, Singh S (2006) A systematic review of barriers in access to renal transplantation among African Americans in the United States. Clin Transpl 20:769–775. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0012.2006.00568.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Moseley KL, Kershaw DB (2012) African American and white disparities in pediatric kidney transplantation in the United States -- unfortunate or unjust? Camb Q Healthc Ethics 21:353–365. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0963180112000072

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Furth SL, Hwang W, Neu AM, Fivush BA, Powe NR (2003) Effects of patient compliance, parental education and race on nephrologists’ recommendations for kidney transplantation in children. Am J Transplant 3:28–34. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-6143.2003.30106.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Ashkenazi T, Lavee J, Mor E (2015) Organ donation in Israel--achievements and challenges. Transplantation 99:265–266. https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0000000000000591

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Berzon C (2018) Israel’s 2008 organ transplant law: continued ethical challenges to the priority points model. Isr J Health Policy Res 7:11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13584-018-0203-6

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  86. Pruthi R, O’Brien C (2013) UK renal registry 15th annual report: chapter 4 demography of the UK paediatric renal replacment therapy population in 2011. Nephron Clin Pract 123(Suppl1):81–92. https://doi.org/10.1159/00035332

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Availability of data and material

N/A

Funding

Dr. Krissberg is a Tashia and John Morgridge Endowed Postdoctoral Fellow of the Stanford Maternal and Child Health Research Institute.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Room G-306, Stanford, 94304, CA, USA

    Jill R. Krissberg & Scott M. Sutherland

  2. Division of General Pediatrics, Center for Policy, Outcomes, and Prevention, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA

    Lisa J. Chamberlain

  3. Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine;Center for Health Policy, Freeman-Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

    Paul H. Wise

Authors
  1. Jill R. Krissberg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Scott M. Sutherland
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Lisa J. Chamberlain
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Paul H. Wise
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jill R. Krissberg.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethic approval

N/A

Consent to participate

N/A

Consent for publication

N/A

Code availability

N/A

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Krissberg, J.R., Sutherland, S.M., Chamberlain, L.J. et al. Policy in pediatric nephrology: successes, failures, and the impact on disparities. Pediatr Nephrol 36, 2177–2188 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-020-04755-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-020-04755-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation