Abstract
Purpose
Cluster of differentiation 38 (CD38) is a promising therapeutic target in multiple myeloma (MM) patients and has resulted in the development of several CD38 immunotherapies. Current methods to evaluate CD38 expression in the preclinical setting include ex vivo flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry, which can be cumbersome and do not give whole-body information. In vivo imaging technologies such as positron emission tomography rely on decay of radioisotopes, limiting the number of molecular interactions observed at any given time point. Here, we demonstrate the use of near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging for spatiotemporal monitoring of CD38 expression in preclinical MM using the anti-CD38 daratumumab (DARA) conjugated to the NIR fluorophore IRDye800CW (DARA-IRDye800).
Procedures
Stability studies with human serum and binding assays with human myeloma cells were performed with DARA-IRDye800. Immunocompromised mice with intra- and extramedullary tumors (n = 5/group) were administered with DARA-IRDye800 for in vivo imaging up to 7 days after injection. Ex vivo biodistribution and flow cytometry studies were performed to validate in vivo imaging results. A separate therapy study was performed in mice with intramedullary tumors that were treated and not treated with DARA at a therapeutic dose (n = 7/group). DARA-IRDye800 was administered for subsequent in vivo and ex vivo imaging in both cohorts of mice.
Results
DARA-IRDye800 maintained stability and had high affinity for CD38 (KD = 3.5 ± 0.05 nM). DARA-IRDye800 demonstrated a 5- and 18-fold increase in contrast in tumor-bearing regions of mice with extra- and intramedullary MM. Finally, mice treated with therapeutic doses of DARA and imaged with DARA-IRDye800 showed an 11-fold decrease in fluorescence intensities in vivo compared with untreated controls.
Conclusions
Our studies establish DARA-IRDye800 as a promising contrast agent for preclinical evaluation of CD38 expression and for further investigating myeloma engraftment and kinetics in relation to anti-CD38 therapies.
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Acknowledgments
We thank Dr. Samuel Achilefu for providing expert advice throughout all phases of the project. We are grateful to Dr. Christine O’Brien for her assistance with image analysis. We also acknowledge Matthew Mixdorf for his assistance with flow cytometry studies. Special thanks to Gail Sudlow, Amanda Klaas, Margaret Morris, and Julie Prior for assistance with animal model and intravenous injections.
Funding
This work has been supported by National Cancer Institute (NCI) R01 CA248493, NCI funded Center for Multiple Myeloma Nanotherapy (U54 CA199092), the Imaging Sciences Pathway fellowship (T32 EB014855), Molecular Imaging Center (NIH P50 CA094056), Siteman Cancer Center Small Animal Cancer Imaging shared resource (NCI P30 CA091842), and the Nutrition Obesity Research Center (P30 DK056341).
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Nicholas Cho contributed to the design and execution of all studies and data analysis and prepared the draft of the manuscript. Sooah Ko independently executed serum stability assay and provided additional support in conducting other studies. Dr. Monica Shokeen led the study, helped design experiments, and reviewed and revised the subsequent versions of the manuscript.
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Mr. Cho, Ms. Ko, and Dr. Shokeen all report grants from National Cancer Institute, grants from National Cancer Institute Center of Multiple Myeloma Nanotherapy, grants from Washington University Imaging Sciences Pathway Fellowship, grants from Washington University Molecular Imaging Core, grants from Siteman Cancer Center Small Animal Cancer Imaging shared resource, and grants from Washington University Nutrition Obesity Research Center during the conduct of the study.
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Cho, N., Ko, S. & Shokeen, M. Preclinical Development of Near-Infrared-Labeled CD38-Targeted Daratumumab for Optical Imaging of CD38 in Multiple Myeloma. Mol Imaging Biol 23, 186–195 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11307-020-01542-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11307-020-01542-4