Abstract
Microalgae started receiving attention as producers of third generation of biofuel, but they are rich in many bioactive compounds. Indeed, they produce many molecules endowed with benefic effects on human health which are highly requested in the market. Thus, it would be important to fractionate algal biomass into its several high-value compounds: this represents the basis of the microalgal biorefinery approach. Usually, conventional extraction methods have been used to extract a single class of molecules, with many side effects on the environment and on human health. The development of a green downstream platform could help in obtaining different class of molecules with high purity along with low environmental impact. This review is focused on technical advances that have been performed, from classic methods to the newest and green ones. Indeed, it is fundamental to set up new procedures that do not affect the biological activity of the extracted molecules. A comparative analysis has been performed among the conventional methods and the new extraction techniques, i.e., switchable solvents and microwave-assisted and compressed fluid extractions.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Al-Ameri M, Al-Zuhair S (2019) Using switchable solvents for enhanced, simultaneous microalgae oil extraction-reaction for biodiesel production. Biochem Eng J 141:217–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2018.10.017
Altenhofen M, Barbosa H, Brito C, Arjonilla F, Bastos G, Guenter T (2016) Heterotrophic growth of green microalgae Desmodesmus subspicatus in ethanol distillation wastewater (vinasse) and lipid extraction with supercritical CO2. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 92:573–579. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5035
Alzate ME, Muñoz R, Rogalla F, Fdz-Polanco F, Pérez-Elvira SI (2012) Biochemical methane potential of microalgae: influence of substrate to inoculum ratio, biomass concentration and pretreatment. Bioresour Technol 123:488–494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.06.113
Anastas P, Eghbali N (2010) Green chemistry: principles and practice. Chem Soc Rev 39:301–312. https://doi.org/10.1039/b918763b
Armenta S, Garrigues S, Esteve-Turrillas FA, de la Guardia M (2019) Green extraction techniques in green analytical chemistry. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 116:248–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2019.03.016
Banerjee S, Ramaswamy S (2017) Dynamic process model and economic analysis of microalgae cultivation in open raceway ponds. Algal Res 26:330–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2017.08.011
Banskota AH, Sperker S, Stefanova R, McGinn PJ, O’Leary SJB (2019) Antioxidant properties and lipid composition of selected microalgae. J Appl Phycol 31:309–318. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-018-1523-1
Barros AI, Gonçalves AL, Simões M, Pires JCM (2015) Harvesting techniques applied to microalgae: a review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 41:1489–1500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.09.037
Benedetti S, Benvenuti F, Pagliarani S, Francogli S, Scoglio S, Canestrari F (2004) Antioxidant properties of a novel phycocyanin extract from the blue-green alga Aphanizomenon flos-aquae. Life Sci 75:2353–2362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2004.06.004
Bhalamurugan GL, Valerie O, Mark L (2018) Valuable bioproducts obtained from microalgal biomass and their commercial applications: a review. Environ Eng Res 23:229–241. https://doi.org/10.4491/eer.2017.220
Bligh EG, Dyer WJ (1959) A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Can J Biochem Physiol 37:911–917. https://doi.org/10.1139/y59-099
Bonfanti C, Cardoso C, Afonso C, Matos J, Garcia T, Tanni S, Bandarra NM (2018) Potential of microalga Isochrysis galbana: bioactivity and bioaccessibility. Algal Res 29:242–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2017.11.035
Brennan L, Owende P (2010) Biofuels from microalgae—a review of technologies for production, processing, and extractions of biofuels and co-products. Renew Sust Energ Rev 14:557–577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.10.009
Capello C, Fischer U, Hungerbühler K (2007) What is a green solvent? A comprehensive framework for the environmental assessment of solvents. Green Chem 9:927–934. https://doi.org/10.1039/b617536h
Carvalho AP, Meireles A, Malcata FX (2006) Microalgal reactors: a review of enclosed system designs and performances. Biotechnol Prog 22:1490–1506. https://doi.org/10.1021/bp060065r
Chandra R, Iqbal MN, Vishal G, Lee H, Nagra S (2019) Bioresource technology algal biorefinery: a sustainable approach to valorize algal-based biomass towards multiple product recovery. 278:346–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.01.104
Chemat F, Vian MA, Cravotto G (2012) Green extraction of natural products: concept and principles. Int J Mol Sci 13:8615–8627. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13078615
Chen Y, Wang J, Zhang W, Chen L, Gao L, Liu T (2013) Forced light/dark circulation operation of open pond for microalgae cultivation. Biomass Bioenergy 56:464–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.05.034
Cicci A, Sed G, Jessop PG, Bravi M (2018) Circular extraction: an innovative use of switchable solvents for the biomass biorefinery. Green Chem 20:3908–3911. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8gc01731j
Clarke CJ, Tu WC, Levers O, Bröhl A, Hallett JP (2018) Green and sustainable solvents in chemical processes. Chem Rev 118:747–800. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00571
Danquah MK, Gladman B, Moheimani N, Forde GM (2009) Microalgal growth characteristics and subsequent influence on dewatering efficiency. Chem Eng J 151:73–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2009.01.047
De-Luca R, Bezzo F, Béchet Q, Bernard O (2019) Meteorological data-based optimal control strategy for microalgae cultivation in open pond systems. Complexity 2019:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4363895
Dixon C, Wilken LR (2018) Green microalgae biomolecule separations and recovery. Bioresour Bioprocess 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40643-018-0199-3
Do Yook S, Kim J, Woo HM, Um Y, Lee SM (2019) Efficient lipid extraction from the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica using switchable solvents. Renew Energy 132:61–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.07.129
Domínguez de María P (2017) Chapter 6-ionic liquids, switchable solvents, and eutectic mixtures. In: Pena-Pereira F, Tobiszewski MBT-TA of GS in SP (eds) The application of green solvents in separation processes. Elsevier, pp 139–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-805297-6.00006-1
Drexler ILC, Yeh DH (2014) Membrane applications for microalgae cultivation and harvesting: a review. Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol 13:487–504. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-014-9350-6
Du Y, Schuur B, Samorì C, Tagliavini E, Brilman DWF (2013) Secondary amines as switchable solvents for lipid extraction from non-broken microalgae. Bioresour Technol 149:253–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.09.039
Du Y, Schuur B, Brilman DWF (2017) Maximizing lipid yield in Neochloris oleoabundans algae extraction by stressing and using multiple extraction stages with N-ethylbutylamine as switchable solvent. Ind Eng Chem Res 56:8073–8080. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.7b01032
Du Y, Schuur B, Kersten SRA, Brilman DWF(W) (2018) Multistage wet lipid extraction from fresh water stressed Neochloris oleoabundans slurry–Experiments and modelling. Algal Res 31:21–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2018.01.001
Esquivel-Hernández DA, Ibarra-Garza IP, Rodríguez-Rodríguez J, Cuéllar-Bermúdez SP, Rostro-Alanis M d J, Alemán-Nava GS, García-Pérez JS, Parra-Saldívar R (2017) Green extraction technologies for high-value metabolites from algae: a review. Biofuels Bioprod Biorefin 11:215–231. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.1735
Folch J (1957) A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. J Biol Chem 266:497–509
Fuad N, Omar R, Kamarudin S, Harun R, Idris A, Wan WA (2018) Mass harvesting of marine microalgae using different techniques. Food Bioprod Process 112:169–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2018.10.006
Gallego R, Bueno M, Herrero M (2019) Sub- and supercritical fluid extraction of bioactive compounds from plants, food-by-products, seaweeds and microalgae–an update. TrAC - Trends Anal Chem 116:198–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2019.04.030
García JL, de Vicente M, Galán B (2017) Microalgae, old sustainable food and fashion nutraceuticals. Microb Biotechnol 10:1017–1024. https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.12800
Gayen K, Bhowmick TK, Maity SK (Eds.) (2019) Sustainable downstream processing of microalgae for industrial application. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Ghasemi Naghdi F, González González LM, Chan W, Schenk PM (2016) Minireview progress on lipid extraction from wet algal biomass for biodiesel production. Microb Biotechnol 9:718–726. https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.12360
Gifuni I, Pollio A, Safi C, Marzocchella A, Olivieri G (2019) Current bottlenecks and challenges of the microalgal biorefinery. Trends Biotechnol 37:242–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.09.006
Gilbert-López B, Mendiola JA, Fontecha J, Van Den Broek LAM, Sijtsma L, Cifuentes A, Herrero M, Ibáñez E (2015) Downstream processing of Isochrysis galbana: a step towards microalgal biorefinery. Green Chem 17:4599–4609. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5gc01256b
González-Delgado Á-D, Kafarov V (2011) Biorefinery: issues. CT&F - Ciencia, Tecnol y Futur 4(4):5–22
Goto M, Kanda H, Wahyudiono MS (2015) Extraction of carotenoids and lipids from algae by supercritical CO2 and subcritical dimethyl ether. J Supercrit Fluids 96:245–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2014.10.003
Gour RS, Garlapati VK, Kant A (2020) Effect of salinity stress on lipid accumulation in Scenedesmus sp. and Chlorella sp.: feasibility of stepwise culturing. Curr Microbiol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-019-01860-z
Günerken E, D’Hondt E, Eppink MHM, Garcia-Gonzalez L, Elst K, Wijffels RH (2015) Cell disruption for microalgae biorefineries. Biotechnol Adv 33(2):243–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.01.008
Häckl K, Kunz W (2018) Some aspects of green solvents. Comptes Rendus Chim 21:572–580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crci.2018.03.010
Harris J, Viner K, Champagne P, Jessop PG (2018) Advances in microalgal lipid extraction for biofuel production: a review. Biofuels, Bioprod. Biorefining 12(6):1118–1135
He Y, Huang Z, Zhong C, Guo Z, Chen B (2019) Bioresource technology pressurized liquid extraction with ethanol as a green and efficient technology to lipid extraction of Isochrysis biomass. Bioresour Technol 293:122049. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122049
Herrero M, Ibañez E (2018) Green extraction processes, biorefineries and sustainability: recovery of high added-value products from natural sources. J Supercrit Fluids 134:252–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2017.12.002
Herrero M, Castro-Puyana M, Mendiola JA, Ibañez E (2013) Compressed fluids for the extraction of bioactive compounds. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 43:67–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2012.12.008
Hidayah N, Yasin M, Shafei NI, Rushan NH, Raihana N, Sepian A, Said FM (2019) ScienceDirect the effect of microalgae harvesting on lipid for biodiesel production. Mater Today Proc 19:1582–1590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.186
Hu Y, Guo C, Wang F, Wang S, Pan F, Liu C (2014) Improvement of microalgae harvesting by magnetic nanocomposites coated with polyethylenimine. Chem Eng J 242:341–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.12.066
Imbimbo P, Romanucci V, Pollio A, Fontanarosa C, Amoresano A, Zarrelli A, Olivieri G, Monti DM (2019) A cascade extraction of active phycocyanin and fatty acids from Galdieria phlegrea. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 103:9455–9464. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-019-10154-0
Imbimbo P, Bueno M, D’Elia L, Pollio A, Ibañez E, Olivieri G, Monti DM (2020) Green compressed fluid technologies to extract antioxidants and lipids from Galdieria phlegrea in a biorefinery approach. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 8:2939–2947. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b07505
Iverson SJ, Lang SLC, Cooper MH (2001) Comparison of the bligh and dyer and folch methods for total lipid determination in a broad range of marine tissue. Lipids 36:1283–1287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-001-0843-0
Jeevan Kumar SP, Vijay Kumar G, Dash A, Scholz P, Banerjee R (2017) Sustainable green solvents and techniques for lipid extraction from microalgae: a review. Algal Res 21:138–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2016.11.014
Jessop PG, Heldebrant DJ, Li X, Eckert CA, Liotta CL (2005) Reversible nonpolar-to-polar solvent. Green Chem 436:1101–1102. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature4361101a
Juin C, Chérouvrier JR, Thiéry V, Gagez AL, Bérard JB, Joguet N, Kaas R, Cadoret JP, Picot L (2015) Microwave-assisted extraction of phycobiliproteins from Porphyridium purpureum. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 175:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-014-1250-2
Kadir WNA, Lam MK, Uemura Y, Lim JW, Lee KT (2018) Harvesting and pre-treatment of microalgae cultivated in wastewater for biodiesel production: a review. Energy Convers Manag 171:1416–1429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.06.074
Kalsum U, Kusuma HS, Roesyadi A, Mahfud M (2019) Lipid extraction from Spirulina platensis using microwave for biodiesel production. Korean Chem Eng Res 57:301–304. https://doi.org/10.9713/kcer.2019.57.2.301
Kanda H, Hoshino R, Murakami K, Wahyudiono ZQ, Goto M (2020) Lipid extraction from microalgae covered with biomineralized cell walls using liquefied dimethyl ether. Fuel 262:116590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116590
Koley S, Mathimani T, Bagchi SK, Sonkar S, Mallick N (2019) Microalgal biodiesel production at outdoor open and polyhouse raceway pond cultivations: a case study with Scenedesmus accuminatus using low-cost farm fertilizer medium. Biomass Bioenergy 120:156–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2018.11.002
Kothari R, Pandey A, Ahmad S, Kumar A, Pathak VV, Tyagi VV (2017) Microalgal cultivation for value-added products: a critical enviro-economical assessment. 3 Biotech 7:243
Krishnan S, Ghani NA, Aminuddin NF, Quraishi KS, Azman NS, Cravotto G, Leveque JM (2020) Microwave-assisted lipid extraction from Chlorella vulgaris in water with 0.5%–2.5% of imidazolium based ionic liquid as additive. Renew Energy 149:244–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.12.063
Kumar RR, Rao PH, Arumugam M (2015) Lipid extraction methods from microalgae: a comprehensive review. 2:1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2014.00061
Lam GP, Vermuë MH, Eppink MHM, Wijffels RH, Van Den Berg C (2018) Multi-product microalgae biorefineries: from concept towards reality. Trends Biotechnol 36:216–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.10.011
Liu W, Chen Y, Wang J, Liu T (2019) Biomass productivity of Scenedesmus dimorphus (Chlorophyceae) was improved by using an open pond–photobioreactor hybrid system. Eur J Phycol 54:127–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670262.2018.1519601
Mansour EA, Abo El-Enin SA, Hamouda AS, Mahmoud HM (2019) Efficacy of extraction techniques and solvent polarity on lipid recovery from domestic wastewater microalgae. Environ Nanotechnol Monit Manag 12:100271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2019.100271
Mathimani T, Pugazhendhi A (2019) Utilization of algae for biofuel, bio-products and bio-remediation. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol 17:326–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2018.12.007
Minyak P, Daripada A, Air M, Chlorella T (2017) Algae oil extraction from freshwater microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. Malaysian J Anal Sci 21:735–744. https://doi.org/10.17576/mjas-2017-2103-23
Molina D, de Carvalho JC, Júnior AIM, Faulds C, Bertrand E, Soccol CR (2019) Biological contamination and its chemical control in microalgal mass cultures. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 103:9345–9358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-019-10193-7
Molino A, Mehariya S, Di Sanzo G, Larocca V, Martino M, Leone GP, Marino T, Chianese S, Balducchi R, Musmarra D (2020) Recent developments in supercritical fluid extraction of bioactive compounds from microalgae: role of key parameters, technological achievements and challenges. J CO2 Util 36:196–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2019.11.014
Motlagh SR, Harun R, Biak DRA, Hussain SA, Ghani WAWAK, Khezri R, Wilfred CD, Elgharbawy AAM (2019) Screening of suitable ionic liquids as green solvents for extraction of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) from microalgae biomass using COSMO-RS model. Molecules 24:713. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24040713
Narala RR, Garg S, Sharma KK, Thomas-Hall SR, Deme M, Li Y, Schenk PM (2016) Comparison of microalgae cultivation in photobioreactor, open raceway pond, and a two-stage hybrid system. Front Energy Res 4:1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2016.00029
Nobre BP, Villalobos F, Barragán BE, Oliveira AC, Batista AP, Marques PASS, Mendes RL, Sovová H, Palavra AF, Gouveia L (2013) A biorefinery from Nannochloropsis sp. microalga-extraction of oils and pigments. Production of biohydrogen from the leftover biomass. Bioresour Technol 135:128–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.11.084
Norsker NH, Barbosa MJ, Vermuë MH, Wijffels RH (2011) Microalgal production-a close look at the economics. Biotechnol Adv 29(1):24–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2010.08.005
Phelps CL, Smart NG, Wai CM (1996) Past, present, and possible future applications of supercritical fluid extraction technology. J Chem Educ 73:1163–1168. https://doi.org/10.1021/ed073p1163
Pollet P, Eckertabc CA, Liotta CL (2011) Switchable solvents. Chem Sci 2:609–614. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0sc00568a
Pulz O, Gross W (2004) Valuable products from biotechnology of microalgae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 65:635–648. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-004-1647-x
Ramos L, Kristenson EM, Brinkman UAT (2002) Current use of pressurised liquid extraction and subcritical water extraction in environmental analysis. J Chromatogr A 975:3–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(02)01336-5
Rasouli Z, Valverde-Pérez B, D’Este M, De Francisci D, Angelidaki I (2018) Nutrient recovery from industrial wastewater as single cell protein by a co-culture of green microalgae and methanotrophs. Biochem Eng J 134:129–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2018.03.010
Rawat I, Kumar RR, Mutanda T, Bux F (2011) Dual role of microalgae: phycoremediation of domestic wastewater and biomass production for sustainable biofuels production. Appl Energy 88:3411–3424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.11.025
Saini RK, Keum Y (2018) Carotenoid extraction methods: a review of recent developments. Food Chem 240:90–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.07.099
Samorì C, Lòpez Barreiro D, Vet R, Pezzolesi L, Brilman DWF, Galletti P, Tagliavini E (2013) Effective lipid extraction from algae cultures using switchable solvents. Green Chem 15:353–356. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2gc36730k
Sati H, Mitra M, Mishra S, Baredar P (2019) Microalgal lipid extraction strategies for biodiesel production: a review. Algal Res 38:101413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2019.101413
Schipper K, Al Muraikhi M, Alghasal GSHS, Saadaoui I, Bounnit T, Rasheed R, Dalgamouni T, Al Jabri HMSJ, Wijffels RH, Barbosa MJ (2019) Potential of novel desert microalgae and cyanobacteria for commercial applications and CO2 sequestration. J Appl Phycol 31:2231–2243. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-019-01763-3
Schuur B, Brouwer T, Smink D, Sprakel LMJ (2019) Green solvents for sustainable separation processes. Curr Opin Green Sustain Chem 18:57–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsc.2018.12.009
Singh SK, Savoy AW (2020) Ionic liquids synthesis and applications: an overview. J Mol Liq 297:112038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.112038
Slegers PM, Lösing MB, Wijffels RH, van Straten G, van Boxtel AJB (2013) Scenario evaluation of open pond microalgae production. Algal Res 2:358–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2013.05.001
Souza LS, Simioni C, Bouzon ZL, De Cassia R, Schneider S, Gressler P, Miotto MC, Rossi MJ, Rörig LR (2017) Morphological and ultrastructural characterization of the acidophilic and lipid-producer strain Chlamydomonas acidophila LAFIC-004 (Chlorophyta) under different culture conditions. 1385–1398. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-016-1030-7
Tatke P, Jaiswal Y (2011) An overview of microwave assisted extraction and its applications in herbal drug research. Res J Med Plant 5:21–31. https://doi.org/10.3923/rjmp.2011.21.31
Vanderveen JR, Durelle J, Jessop PG (2014) Design and evaluation of switchable-hydrophilicity solvents. Green Chem 16:1187–1197. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3gc42164c
Vega-López S, Kaul N, Devaraj S, Cai RY, German B, Jialal I (2004) Supplementation with ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and all-rac alpha-tocopherol alone and in combination failed to exert an anti-inflammatory effect in human volunteers. Metabolism 53:236–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2003.09.012
Vekariya RL (2017) A review of ionic liquids: applications towards catalytic organic transformations. J Mol Liq 227:44–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2016.11.123
Wang H, Zhang W, Chen L, Wang J, Liu T (2013) The contamination and control of biological pollutants in mass cultivation of microalgae. Bioresour Technol 128:745–750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.10.158
Wang S, Yerkebulan M, Abomohra AEF, El-Khodary S, Wang Q, Souza LS, Simioni C, Bouzon ZL, Schneider RCS, Gressler P, Miotto MC, Rossi MJ, Rörig LR, Schipper K, Al Muraikhi M, Alghasal GSHS, Saadaoui I, Bounnit T, Rasheed R, Dalgamouni T, Al Jabri HMSJ, Wijffels RH, Barbosa MJ, Yusuff AS, Wei L, Huang X, Huang Z (2019) Morphological and ultrastructural characterization of the acidophilic and lipid-producer strain Chlamydomonas acidophila LAFIC-004 (Chlorophyta) under different culture conditions. J Appl Phycol 31:121371–122243. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-019-01763-3
Wei L, Huang X, Huang Z (2014) Temperature effects on lipid properties of microalgae Tetraselmis subcordiformis and Nannochloropsis oculata as biofuel resources. Chin J Oceanol Limnol 33:99–106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-015-3346-0
Xu L, Wang F, Li HZ, Hu ZM, Guo C, Liu CZ (2010) Development of an efficient electroflocculation technology integrated with dispersed-air flotation for harvesting microalgae. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 85:1504–1507. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.2457
Yin Z, Zhu L, Li S, Hu T, Chu R, Mo F, Hu D, Liu C, Li B (2020) A comprehensive review on cultivation and harvesting of microalgae for biodiesel production: environmental pollution control and future directions. Bioresour Technol 301:122804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122804
Youn S, Muk J, Keun Y, Oh Y (2017) Cell disruption and lipid extraction for microalgal biorefineries: a review. Bioresour Technol 244:1317–1328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.06.038
Yusuff AS (2019) Environmental effects extraction, optimization, and characterization of oil from green microalgae Chlorophyta species. Energy Sources, Part A Recover Util Environ Eff 1–12 . https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2019.1676327
Zghaibi N, Omar R, Kamal SMM, Biak DRA, Harun R (2019) Microwave-assisted brine extraction for enhancement of the quantity and quality of lipid production from microalgae Nannochloropsis sp. Molecules 24:1–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24193581
Zhang Y, Bakshi BR, Demessie ES (2008) Life cycle assessment of an ionic liquid versus molecular solvents and their applications. Environ Sci Technol 42:1724–1730. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0713983
Zhang J, Sun Z, Sun P, Chen T, Chen F (2014) Microalgal carotenoids: beneficial effects and potential in human health. Food Funct 5:413–425. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3fo60607d
Zhang T, Hu H, Wu Y, Zhuang L, Xu X (2016) Promising solutions to solve the bottlenecks in the large-scale cultivation of microalgae for biomass/bioenergy production. Renew Sust Energ Rev 60:1602–1614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.02.008
Zhang R, Parniakov O, Grimi N, Lebovka N, Marchal L, Vorobiev E (2019) Emerging techniques for cell disruption and extraction of valuable bio-molecules of microalgae Nannochloropsis sp. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 42:173–186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-018-2038-5
Zheng H, Gao Z, Yin J, Tang X, Ji X, Huang H (2012) Harvesting of microalgae by flocculation with poly (c-glutamic acid). Bioresour Technol 112:212–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.02.086
Zimmerer J, Pingen D, Hess SK, Koengeter T, Mecking S (2019) microalgae lipids in supercritical carbon dioxide †. Green Chem 21:2428–2435. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9gc00312f
Zullaikah S, P MCJ, Yasmin M, Rachimoellah M, Wu D (2019) Lipids extraction from wet and unbroken microalgae Chlorella vulgaris using subcritical water. Mater Sci Forum 964:103–108. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.964.103
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Imbimbo, P., D’Elia, L., Liberti, D. et al. Towards green extraction methods from microalgae learning from the classics. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 104, 9067–9077 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-020-10839-x
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-020-10839-x