Abstract
Realization of logical gates in the optical domain is a crucial part of current research to take the advantages of light speed in future demands, an example optical computer motherboard. Here, this paper proposed a simple reconfigurable XOR/OR gate using Two-Dimensional (2D) Photonic crystal structure. The performance of the device is analyzed using 2D finite difference time domain method. The dimension of the proposed crystal structure is 12.5 µm × 12 µm. The field distribution has been measured and displayed to indicate the performance of the logic gates. The proposed structure is very compact with a low latency of 120 fs.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Askarian, A., Akbarizadeh, G., Fartash, M.: A novel proposal for all optical half-subtractor based on photonic crystals. Opt. Quant. Electron. 51(8), 264–272 (2019)
Bogoni, A., Wu, X., Fazal, I., Willner, A.E.: 160 Gb/s time-domain channel extraction/insertion and all-optical logic operations exploiting a single PPLN waveguide. J. Lightwave Technol. 27(19), 4221–4227 (2009)
Danaie, M., Kaatizian, H.: Design and simulation of all-optical photonic crystal AND gate using nonlinear Kerr effect. Opt. Quant. Electron. 44, 27–34 (2012)
Dimitriadou, E., Zoiros, K.E.: On the feasibility of ultrafast all-optical NAND gate using single quantum-dot semiconductor optical amplifier-based Mach–Zehnder interferometer. Opt. Laser Technol. 44(6), 1971–1981 (2012a)
Dimitriadou, E., Zoiros, K.E.: Proposal for all-optical NOR gate using single quantum-dot semiconductor optical amplifier-based Mach–Zehnder interferometer. Opt. Commun. 285(7), 1710–1716 (2012b)
Djavid, M., Dastjerdi, M.H.T., Philip, M.R., Choudhary, D.D., Pham, T.T., Khreishah, A., Nguyen, H.P.T.: Photonic crystal-based permutation switch for optical networks. Photonics Netw. Commun. 35(1), 90–96 (2018)
Domanski, A.W.: Application of optical fiber sensors in mechanical measurements. In: IMTC Proceedings of the IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference Sensing, Processing, Networking, vol. 1, pp. 700–702 (1997)
Gholamnejad, S., Zavvari, M.: Design and analysis of all-optical 4–2 binary encoder based on photonic crystal. Opt. Quant. Electron. 49(9), 302–313 (2017)
haq Shaik, E., Rangaswamy, N.: Improved design of all-optical photonic crystal logic gates using T-shaped waveguide. Opt. Quant. Electron. 48(1), 33–47 (2016)
Ibrahim, T.A., Grover, R., Kuo, L.C., Kanakaraju, S., Calhoun, L.C., Ho, P.T.: All-optical AND/NAND logic gates using semiconductor micro resonators. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 15, 1422–1424 (2003)
Ishizaka, Y., Kawaguchi, Y., Saitoh, K., Koshiba, M.: Design of ultra compact all-optical XOR and AND logic gates with low power consumption. Opt. Commun. 284(14), 3528–3533 (2011)
Jiang, Y.-C., Liu, S.-B., Zhang, H.-F., Kong, X.-K.: Reconfigurable design of logic gates based on a two-dimensional photonic crystals waveguide structure. Opt. Commun. 332, 359–365 (2014)
Jovanovich, K.D., Trahan, R.E., Benbow, M.S.: Fiber optic sensing applications in the electric power industry. Electr. Power Syst. Res. 30(3), 215–221 (1994)
Jung, Y.J., Yu, S., Koo, S., Yu, H., Han, S., Park, N., Kim, J.H., Jhon, Y.M., Lee, S.: Reconfigurable all-optical logic AND, NAND, OR, NOR, XOR and XNOR gates implemented by photonic crystal nonlinear cavities. In: Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Pacific Rim, p. TuB4_3. Optical Society of America (2009)
Kotb, A., Guo, C.: All-optical multifunctional AND, NOR, and XNOR logic gates using semiconductor optical amplifiers. Phys. Scr. 95(8), 085506–085512 (2020)
Kotb, A., Zoiros, K.E.: Simulation of all-optical logic XNOR gate based on quantum-dot semiconductor optical amplifiers with amplified spontaneous emission. Opt. Quant. Electron. 45(11), 1213–1221 (2013)
Kotb, A., Zoiros, K.E.: Performance analysis of all-optical XOR gate with photonic crystal semiconductor optical amplifier-assisted Mach–Zehnder interferometer at 160 Gb/s. Opt. Commun. 402, 511–517 (2017)
Kotb, A., Zoiros, K.E., Guo, C.: All-optical XOR, NOR, and NAND logic functions with parallel semiconductor optical amplifier-based Mach–Zehnder interferometer modules. Opt. Laser Technol. 108, 426–433 (2018)
Kotb, A., Zoiros, K.E., Guo, C.: Ultrafast performance of all-optical AND and OR logic operations at 160 Gb/s using photonic crystal semiconductor optical amplifier. Opt. Laser Technol. 119, 105611–105620 (2019)
Lee, Y., Lak, B.-A., Yu, T.J., Eom, W., Shin, Y.-C., Noh, D.-K., Ko, J., Lee, Oh, K.: All-optical AND/NAND logic gates based on Ti: PPLN waveguide by cascaded nonlinear optical processes. In: Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, p. CThO3. Optical Society of America (2006)
Li, H.N., Li, D.S., Song, G.B.: Recent applications of fiber optic sensors to health monitoring in civil engineering. Eng. Struct. 26(11), 1647–1657 (2004)
Li, K., Ting, H.-F., Foster, M.A., Foster, A.C.: High-speed all-optical NAND/AND logic gates using four-wave mixing Bragg scattering. Opt. Lett. 41, 3320–3323 (2016)
Liu, Y., Qin, F., Meng, Z.-M., Zhou, F., Mao, Q.-H., Li, Z.-Y.: All-optical logic gates based on two-dimensional low-refractive-index nonlinear photonic crystal slabs. Opt. Express 19, 1945–1953 (2011)
Long, F., Tian, H., Ji, Y.: A study of dynamic modulation and buffer capability in low dispersion photonic crystal waveguides. J. Lightwave Technol. 28(8), 1139–1143 (2010)
Meade, R.D., Devenyi, A., Joannopoulos, J.D., Alerhand, O.L., Smith, D.A., Kash, K.: Novel applications of photonic band gap materials: low-loss bends and high Q cavities. J. Appl. Phys. 75(9), 4753–4755 (1994)
Mowbray, S.E., Amiri, A.M.: A brief overview of medical fiber optic biosensors and techniques in the modification for enhanced sensing ability. Diagnostics 9(1), 23–37 (2019)
Olyaee, S.: Ultra-fast and compact all-optical encoder based on photonic crystal nano-resonator without using nonlinear materials. Photonics Lett. Pol. 11(1), 10–12 (2019)
Parandin, F., Malmir, M.R.: Reconfigurable all optical half adder and optical XOR and AND logic gates based on 2D photonic crystals. Opt. Quant. Electron. 52, 56–63 (2020)
Parandin, F., Malmir, M.R., Naseri, M., Zahedi, A.: Reconfigurable all-optical NOT, XOR, and NOR logic gates based on two dimensional photonic crystals. Superlattices Microstruct. 113, 737–744 (2017)
Salmanpour, A., Mohammadnejad, S., Omran, P.T.: All-optical photonic crystal NOT and OR logic gates using nonlinear Kerr effect and ring resonators. Opt. Quant. Electron. 47(12), 3689–3703 (2015a)
Salmanpour, A., Mohammadnejad, S., Taghinejad Omran, P.: All optical photonic crystal NOT and OR logic gates using nonlinear Kerr effect and ring resonators. Opt Quantum Electron. 47, 3689–3703 (2015b)
Sigalas, M., Soukoulis, C.M., Economou, E.N., Chan, C.T., Ho, K.M.: Photonic band gaps and defects in two dimensions: studies of the transmission coefficient. Phys. Rev. B. 48(19), 14121–14126 (1993)
Singh, S., Lovkesh: Ultrahigh speed optical signal processing logic based on an SOA-MZI. Quantum Electron. 18, 970–977 (2011)
Stubkjaer, K.E.: Semiconductor optical amplifier based all-optical logic gates for high speed optical processing. Quantum Electron. 6, 1428–1435 (2000)
Surendar, A., Asghari, M., Mehdizadeh, F.: A novel proposal for all-optical 1-bit comparator using nonlinear PhCRRs. Photonic Netw. Commun. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11107-019-00853-z (2019)
Swarnakar, S., Rathi, S., Kumar, S.: Design of all optical XOR gate based on photonic crystal ring resonator. J. Opt. Commun. 41(1), 51–56 (2019)
Vali-Nasab, A.M., Mir, A., Talebzadeh, R.: Design and simulation of an all optical full-adder based on photonic crystals. Opt. Quant. Electron. 51(5), 161–174 (2019)
Van, V., Ibrahim, T.A., Absil, P.P., Johnson, F.G., Grover, R., Ho, P.-T.: Optical signal processing using nonlinear semiconductor micro ring resonators. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 8(3), 705–713 (2002)
Venkatachalam, K., Kumar, D.S., Robinson, S.: Investigation on 2D photonic crystal-based eight-channel wavelength-division demultiplexer. Photonics Netw. Commun. 34(1), 100–110 (2017)
Wang, J., Sun, Q.: Junqiang Sun.: Ultrafast all-optical logic AND gate for CSRZ signals using periodically poled lithium niobate. JOSA B 26(5), 951–958 (2009)
Wang, J., Sun, J., Sun, Q., Wang, D., Zhou, M., Zhang, X., Huang, D., Fejer, M.M.: Dual-channel-output all-optical logic AND gate at 20 Gbit/s based on cascaded second-order nonlinearity in PPLN waveguide. Electron. Lett. 43(17), 940–941 (2007)
Wang, J., Sun, J., Zhang, X., Huang, D.: PPLN-based all-optical 40 Gbit/s three-input logic AND gate for both NRZ and RZ signals. Electron. Lett. 44, 413–414 (2008a)
Wang, J., Sun, J., Wang, Q.S.D., Zhang, X., Huang, D.., Fejer, M.M.: PPLN-based flexible optical logic AND gate. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 20(3), 211–213 (2008b)
Wu, J., Qui, J.: Reconfigurable all-optical logic gates using Four Wave Mixing (FWM) in HNLF for NRZ-Polsk signal. Opt. Commun. 283(19), 3608–3612 (2010)
Yu, C., Christen, L., Luo, T., Wang, Y., Pan, Z., Yan, L.-S., Willner., A.E.: All-optical XOR gate based on Kerr effect in single highly–nonlinear fiber. In: Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, p. CFA4. Optical Society of America (2004)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Muthu, K.E., Selvendran, S., Keerthana, V. et al. Design and analysis of a reconfigurable XOR/OR logic gate using 2D photonic crystals with low latency. Opt Quant Electron 52, 433 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-020-02550-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-020-02550-y