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Microbial Control of Leptopharsa heveae Drake & Poor (Hemiptera: Tingidae) in Brazilian Rubber Tree Plantations: a Brief Historical Account and Identification of Entomopathogenic Fungi by Means of Multigene Phylogeny

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Abstract

Over the last decades, a few fungal species have been mentioned in the literature associated with the rubber tree lace bug, Leptopharsa heveae Drake & Poor (Hemiptera: Tingidae). The rubber plantation area treated with these biocontrol agents has been steady since the 1990s, estimated in 10,000–15,000 ha per year. A few large-scale rubber operations, one biocontrol company, and three government-owned laboratories were, and currently one still is, involved in their commercialization. One species, currently referred to as Sporothrix insectorum, has been historically deployed in biocontrol applications in Brazilian rubber farms. However, L. heveae–infecting isolates have only been identified through morphological examinations; therefore, proper molecular assessments are needed for accurate identifications. Hence, DNA of six L. heveae–infecting isolates (five of which have been deployed in field applications) were extracted and sequenced. Multigene phylogeny found that both Simplicillium lanosoniveum and Cordyceps (formerly Isaria) sp. have been sprayed on rubber plantations to manage L. heveae populations, although the former is the only one currently applied. Simplicillium lanosoniveum and Cordyceps sp. have no relation whatsoever to true Sporothrix species associated with human and animal diseases. Therefore, our molecular data may encourage biocontrol companies to register mycoinsecticides targeting L. heveae. We also added unpublished historical accounts after contacting key contributors to the launching of this not so well-known biocontrol program in the 1980s.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to NTV Junqueira (EMBRAPA, Brazil), JEM Almeida and L.G. Leite (Instituto Biológico, Brazil), MB Santaella (EMPAER, Brazil), RT Alves (EMBRAPA, Brazil), I Delalibera (ESALQ, Brazil), DEN Rangel (Univ Brasil, Brazil), and LA Castrillo (USDA-ARS, USA) for information on L. heveae–associated isolates and/or relevant historical information.

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    M Faria, D A de Souza & R B Lopes

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  1. M Faria
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Fig S1

Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree generated from analysis of ITS sequences dataset. Sporothrix schenckii and Ophiostoma piliferum are the outgroup taxa. Ex-type strains are indicated with superscript T. Isolates obtained from Leptopharsa heveae (Hemiptera: Tingidae) are in bold. Support values above branches were given as the Bayesian prior probability and as the bootstrap proportions derived from ML analysis. (PDF 95 kb)

Fig S2

Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree generated from analysis of LSU sequences dataset. Sporothrix schenckii and Ophiostoma piliferum are the outgroup taxa. Ex-type strains are indicated with superscript T. Isolates obtained from Leptopharsa heveae (Hemiptera: Tingidae) are in bold. Support values above branches were given as the Bayesian prior probability and as the bootstrap proportions derived from ML analysis. (PDF 97 kb)

Fig S3

Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree generated from analysis of SSU sequences dataset. Ophiostoma piliferum is the outgroup taxa. Ex-type strains are indicated with superscript T. Isolates obtained from Leptopharsa heveae (Hemiptera: Tingidae) are in bold. Support values above branches were given as the Bayesian prior probability and as the bootstrap proportions derived from ML analysis. (PDF 101 kb)

Fig S4

Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree generated from analysis of TEF sequences dataset. Sporothrix sp. is the outgroup taxa. Ex-type strains are indicated with superscript T. Isolates obtained from Leptopharsa heveae (Hemiptera: Tingidae) are in bold. Support values above branches were given as the Bayesian prior probability and as the bootstrap proportions derived from ML analysis. (PDF 94 kb)

Fig S5

Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree generated from analysis of ITS sequences dataset. Beauveria bassiana is the outgroup taxon. Ex-type strains are indicated with superscript T. Isolates obtained from Leptopharsa heveae (Hemiptera: Tingidae) are in bold. Support values above branches were given as the Bayesian prior probability and as the bootstrap proportions derived from ML analysis. (PDF 323 kb)

Fig S6

Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree generated from analysis of LSU sequences dataset. Beauveria bassiana is the outgroup taxon. Ex-type strains are indicated with superscript T. Isolates obtained from Leptopharsa heveae (Hemiptera: Tingidae) are in bold. Support values above branches were given as the Bayesian prior probability and as the bootstrap proportions derived from ML analysis. (PDF 101 kb)

Fig S7

Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree generated from analysis of RPB1 sequences dataset. Beauveria bassiana is the outgroup taxon. Ex-type strains are indicated with superscript T. Isolates obtained from Leptopharsa heveae (Hemiptera: Tingidae) are in bold. Support values above branches were given as the Bayesian prior probability and as the bootstrap proportions derived from ML analysis. (PDF 96 kb)

Fig S8

Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree generated from analysis of RPB2 sequences dataset. Beauveria bassiana is the outgroup taxon. Ex-type strains are indicated with superscript T. Isolates obtained from Leptopharsa heveae (Hemiptera: Tingidae) are in bold. Support values above branches were given as the Bayesian prior probability and as the bootstrap proportions derived from ML analysis. (PDF 86 kb)

Fig S9

Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree generated from analysis of TEF sequences dataset. Beauveria bassiana is the outgroup taxon. Ex-type strains are indicated with superscript T. Isolates obtained from Leptopharsa heveae (Hemiptera: Tingidae) are in bold. Support values above branches were given as the Bayesian prior probability and as the bootstrap proportions derived from ML analysis. (PDF 99 kb)

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Faria, M., de Souza, D.A. & Lopes, R.B. Microbial Control of Leptopharsa heveae Drake & Poor (Hemiptera: Tingidae) in Brazilian Rubber Tree Plantations: a Brief Historical Account and Identification of Entomopathogenic Fungi by Means of Multigene Phylogeny. Neotrop Entomol 49, 864–873 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-020-00808-4

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