Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Optimal Design Parameters of Stiffeners for Improving Seismic Performance of Links in EBFs

  • Published:
International Journal of Steel Structures Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In eccentrically braced frames (EBFs), the link beam is the main factor determining the behavior of this type of system. In order to enhance the ductility and delaying the web and flange buckling, the link beam is reinforced using intermediate web stiffeners to improve its performance and energy dissipation capacity. The web stiffeners spacing criteria is based on short links under pure shear, which have been applied without considering the bending effect on intermediate links. In this paper, first the effects of stiffener details and section geometry on the link behavior are investigated using finite element modeling, and then by proposing an optimization model, new spacing is proposed for stiffeners of intermediate links that is also consistent with bending distribution, and enhances the performance of intermediate links significantly. To further investigate the results of the optimization model and sensitivity analyses results, the behavior of a total of 52 short, intermediate and long links with different lengths and sections is simulated and investigated under cyclic loading based on ANSI/AISC 341-10 (Seismic provisions for structural steel buildings, Chicago, American Institute of Steel Construction, 2010) using ABAQUS. The results show that the section geometry in W-beams affects the stiffeners spacing and thereby, the behavior of intermediate and long links. According to the obtained results in short links, stiffeners spacing are very conservative and can be increased, and for intermediate links, adjusting the stiffeners spacing based on the proposed optimization model can significantly enhance the performance of the link beam.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20
Fig. 21

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

a s :

Intermediate Stiffeners spacing

b f :

Flange width of link

c 1 , c 2 :

Stochastic weighting

d :

Link depth

e :

Link length

FI * :

Cyclic failure index

K e :

Elastic stiffness of the link

R, R 0 :

Initial and instantaneous void diameter

T :

Stress triaxiality

t f :

Flange thickness

t s :

Stiffeners thickness

t w :

Web thickness

V max :

Maximum shear force sustained by link

α 0 :

Dependent on material

γp :

Inelastic rotation angle of the link

ε * :

Represents the void growth under cyclic loading ???

εc, εt :

Equivalent plastic strain in compression and tension

ε p :

Equivalent plastic strain

ε critical p :

Critical equivalent plastic strain

λ :

The material constant

ξ, C :

Kinematic hardening parameter

ρ :

Length ration of link

σ 1 :

Yield stress at zero plastic strain

σ e :

Effective stress

σ m :

Mean stress

\(\bar{v}_{i} \left( t \right)\) :

Velocity of particles in PSO

\(\bar{x}_{i} \left( t \right)\) :

Position of particle in PSO

\(\bar{P}_{bi} ,\;\bar{P}_{g}\) :

Local best of the ith particle and global best of swarm respectively

E p :

Plastic energy dissipated by link

∆E p :

Increase in plastic energy

V p :

Plastic shear strength of link

M p :

Plastic flexural strength of link

References

  • Andalib, Z., Kafi, M., Kheyroddin, A., & Bazzaz, M. (2014). Experimental investigation of the ductility and performance of steel rings constructed from plates. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 103, 77–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2014.07.016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andalib, Z., Kafi, M., Kheyroddin, A., Bazzaz, M., & Momenzade, S. (2018). Numerical evaluation of ductility and energy absorption of steel rings constructed from plates. Engineering Structures, 169, 94–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.05.034.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ANSI/AISC 341-10. (2010). Seismic provisions for structural steel buildings. Chicago: American Institute of Steel Construction.

  • Arce, G. (2002). Impact of higher strength steels on local buckling and overstrength of links in eccentrically braced frames. University of Texas at Austin.

  • Chi, W. M., Kanvinde, A. M., & Deierlein, G. G. (2006). Prediction of ductile fracture in steel connections using SMCS criterion. Journal of Structural Engineering, 132, 171–181. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2006)132:2(171).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daneshmand, A., & Hosseini Hashemi, B. (2012). Performance of intermediate and long links in eccentrically braced frames. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 70, 167–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2011.10.011.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eberhart, R., & Kennedy, J. (1995). A new optimizer using particle swarm theory. In MHS’95. Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Micro Machine and Human Science (pp. 39–43). Presented at the MHS’95. Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Micro Machine and Human Science. https://doi.org/10.1109/mhs.1995.494215

  • Engelhardt, M. D., & Popov, E. P. (1992). Experimental performance of long links in eccentrically braced frames. Journal of Structural Engineering, 118(11), 3067–3088. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1992)118:11(3067).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galvez, P. (2004). Investigation of factors affecting web fractures in shear links. M.Sc., University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas.

  • Hjelmstad, K. D., & Popov, E. P. (1983). Cyclic behavior and design of link beams. Journal of Structural Engineering, 109(10), 2387–2403. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1983)109:10(2387).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kanvinde, A. M. (2004). Micromechanical simulation of earthquake-induced fracture in steel structures., Ph.D., thesis, Stanford University.

  • Kanvinde, AM., & Deierlein, G., (2004). Micromechanical simulation of earthquake induced fracture in steel structures. Techical Report. TR145, Blume Center, Stanford University

  • Kasai, K., & Popov, E. P. (1986). Cyclic web buckling control for shear link beams. Journal of Structural Engineering, 112(3), 505–523. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1986)112:3(505).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufmann, E. J., Metrovich, B. R., & Pense, A. W. (2001). Characterization of cyclic inelastic strain behavior on properties of A572 Gr. 50 and A913 Gr. 50 rolled sections. ATLSS report no. 01–13. Bethlehem, Pa: Lehigh University.

  • Kazemzadeh Azad, S., & Topkaya, C. (2017). A review of research on steel eccentrically braced frames. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 128, 53–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2016.07.032.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ohsaki, M., & Nakajima, T. (2012). Optimization of link member of eccentrically braced frames for maximum energy dissipation. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 75, 38–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2012.03.008.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Okazaki, T., & Engelhardt, M. D. (2007). Cyclic loading behavior of EBF links constructed of ASTM A992 steel. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 63(6), 751–765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2006.08.004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richards, P. W. (2004). Cyclic stability and capacity design of steel eccentrically braced frames, Ph.D. thesis, University of California, San Diego.

  • Richards, P. W., & Uang, C.-M. (2005). Effect of flange width-thickness ratio on eccentrically braced frames link cyclic rotation capacity. Journal of Structural Engineering, 131(10), 1546–1552. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2005)131:10(1546).

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

    Masood Mojarad, Maryam Daei & Mehrdad Hejazi

Authors
  1. Masood Mojarad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Maryam Daei
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mehrdad Hejazi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Maryam Daei.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Mojarad, M., Daei, M. & Hejazi, M. Optimal Design Parameters of Stiffeners for Improving Seismic Performance of Links in EBFs. Int J Steel Struct 20, 1765–1782 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13296-020-00406-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13296-020-00406-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation