Skip to main content
Log in

Fabrication, carrier transport mechanisms and photovoltaic properties of Au/silicon phthalocyanine dichloride/p-Si/Al heterojunction device

  • Published:
Optical and Quantum Electronics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This research paper aims to study the carrier transport mechanisms and photovoltaic properties of the SiPcCl2 thin film. To achieve this, Au/silicon phthalocyanine dichloride (SiPcCl2)/p-Si/Al heterojunction device was prepared. The heterojunction microelectronic parameters such as ideality factor, m and reverse current Is were estimated at room temperature and found to be 6.77 and 408 nA respectively. The series resistance Rs of the fabricated device was also calculated. Two mechanisms were deduced in SiPcCl2/p-Si according to the voltage range. The results revealed that the height of effective barrier \(\varphi_{bi}\) is clearly increased from 0.71 to 0.80 eV. Moreover, the photovoltaic properties of Au/SiPcCl2/p-Si/Al cell were studied under illumination such as the short circuit current, Isc, open circuit voltage, Voc, maximum current IM, maximum voltage, VM, filling factor FF and power conversion efficiency, η were measured to be 0.59 mA, 0.47 V, 0.44 mA, and 0.24 V, 0.40 and 3.7% respectively. The topographical properties of the SiPcCl2 thin film deposited on the flat glass substrate were investigated using atomic force microscope method.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. https://www.chemsrc.com/en/cas/1933.

References

  • Abd El-Khalek, H., Abd-El Salam, M., Amin, F.: Fabrication and characterization of dual-band organic/inorganic photodetector for optoelectronic applications. Curr. Appl. Phys. 19, 629–638 (2019)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Abdel-Khalek, H., Shalaan, E., Abd-El Salam, M., El-Mahalawy, A.M.: Effect of illumination intensity on the characteristics of Cu(acac)2/n-Si photodiode. Synth. Metals 245, 223–236 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed, M., Karimov, K., Moiz, S.: Temperature-dependent I–V characteristics of organic-inorganic heterojunction diodes. Trans. Electron. 51, 121–126 (2004)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Antohe, S., Tomozeiu, N., Gogonea, S.: Properties of the organic-on-inorganic semiconductor barrier contact diodes In/PTCDI/p-Si and Ag/CuPc/p-Si. Phys. State Solidi (a) 125, 397–408 (1991)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Atmaca, G., Dizman, C., Eren, T., Erdoğmuş, A.: Novel axially carborane-cage substituted silicon phthalocyanine photosensitizer; synthesis, characterization and photophysicochemical properties. Spectrochim. Acta Part A: Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 137, 244–249 (2015)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Aubry, V., Meyer, F.: Schottky diodes with high series resistance: limitations of forward I–V methods. J. Appl. Phys. 76(12), 7973–7978 (1994)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhushan, B.: Springer Handbook of Nanotechnology. Springer, Berlin (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, H., Hou, J., Zhang, S., Liang, Y., Yang, G., Yang, Y., Yu, L., Wu, Y., Li, G.: Polymer solar cells with enhanced open-circuit voltage and efficiency. Nat. Photon. 3, 649–653 (2009)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Cifci, O., Bakir, M., Meyer, J., Kocyigit, A.: Morphological and electrical properties of ATSP/p-Si photodiode. Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process. 74, 175–182 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalkılıç, Z., Lee, C., Choi, H., Nar, I., Yavuz, N., Burat, A.: Tetra and octa substituted Zn(II) and Cu(II) phthalocyanines:Synthesis, characterization and investigation as hole-transporting materials for inverted type-perovskite solar cells. J. Organometall. Chem. 922, 121419–121427 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  • Darwish, A., El-Shazly, E., Attia, A., AbdEl-Rahman, K.: Dark electrical properties and photovoltaic performance of organic/inorganic (SnPcCl2/p-Si) solar cells. J. Mater. Sci. Mater Electron 27, 8786–8795 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  • El-Mallah, H., Abd-El Salam, M., Elesh, E., El-Damhogi, D.: Thermal annealing effect on the structural and optical characteristics of silicon phthalocyanine dichloride thin films. Optik 200, 163459–163469 (2020)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Elminshawy, N., El Ghandour, M., Gad, H., El-Damhogi, D., El-Nahhas, K., Addas, M.: The performance of a buried heat exchanger system for PV panel cooling under elevated air temperatures. Geothermics 82, 7–15 (2019a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Elminshawy, N., El-Ghandour, M., Elhenawy, Y., Bassyouni, M., El-Damhogi, D., Addas, M.: Experimental investigation of a V-trough PV concentrator integrated with a buried water heat exchanger cooling system. Solar Energy 193, 706–715 (2019b)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • El-Nahass, M., Zeyada, H., Aziz, M., Makhlouf, M.: Current transport mechanisms and photovoltaic properties of tetraphenylporphyrin/n-type silicon heterojunction solar cell. Thin Solid Films 492, 290–297 (2005a)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • El-Nahass, M., Abd-El-Rahman, K., Farag, A., Darwish, A.: Photovoltaic properties of NiPc/p-Si (organic/inorganic) heterojunctions. Organ. Electron. 6, 129–136 (2005b)

    Google Scholar 

  • El-Nahass, M., Zeyada, H., Aziz, M., El-Ghamaz, N.: Carrier transport mechanisms and photovoltaic properties of Au/p-ZnPc/p-Si solar cell. Solid-State Electron. 49, 1314–1319 (2005c)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • El-Nahass, M., Farid, A., Farag, A., Ali, H.: Carrier transport mechanisms and photovoltaic characteristics of p-H2Pc/n-Si heterojunctions. Vacuum 81, 8–12 (2006)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • El-Nahass, M., El-Metwally, M., Farag, A.M., Menshawy, S., Abu-Samaha, F., Elesh, E.: Electrical and photovoltaic properties of CuTPP/si-p organic-inorganic hybrid heterojunction. Appl. Phys. 6, 22–29 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  • Forrest, S.: Organic-inorganic semiconductor devices and 3, 4, 9, 10 perylenes tetracarboxylic dianhydride: an early history of organic electronics. J. Phys.: Conden. Matter 15, S2599 (2003)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Forrest, S., Kalplan, M., Schmidty, P.: Organic-on-inorganic semiconductor contact barrier diodes. I. Theory with applications to organic thin films and prototype devices. J. Appl. Phys. 55, 543–548 (1984)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerischer, H., Michel, M., Rebentrost, E., Tributsch, H.: Sensitization of charge injection into semiconductors with large band gap. Electrochim Acta 13, 1509–1515 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Günes, S., Serdar Sariciftci, N.: Hybrid solar cell. Inorgan. Chim. Acta 361, 581–588 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  • Guo, J., Bai, Z., Meng, X., Sun, M., Song, J., Shen, Z., Ma, N., Chen, Z., Zhang, F.: Novel dopant-free metallophthalocyanines based hole transporting materials for perovskite solar cells: The effect of core metal on photovoltaic performance. Solar Energy 155, 121–129 (2017)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jehl, Z., Bouttemy, M., Lincot, D., Guillemoles, J., Gerard, I., Etcheberry, A., Voorwinden, G., Powalla, M., Naghavi, N.: Insights on the influence of surface roughness on photovoltaic properties of state of the art copper indium gallium diselenide thin films solar cells. J. Appl. Phys. 111, 114509–114514 (2012)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Jyothi, I., Yang, H., Shim, K., Janardhanam, V., Kang, S., Hong, H., Choi, C.: Temperature dependency of schottky barrier parameters of ti schottky contacts to si-on-insulator. Mater. Trans. 54, 1655–1660 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kao, P., Chu, S., You, Z., Liou, S., Chuang, C.: Improved efficiency of organic light-emitting diodes using CoPc buffer layer. Thin Solid Films 498, 249–253 (2006)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Khan, S., Kaur, M., Heflin, J., Sayyad, M.: Fabrication and characterization of ZnTPP:PCBM bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 72, 1430–1435 (2011)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lampert, M.: Volume-controlled current injection in insulators. Rep. Prog. Phys. 27, 329–367 (1964)

    ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Lessard, B., White, R., Al-Amar, M., Plint, T., Castrucci, J., Josey, D., Lu, Z., Bender, T.: Assessing the potential roles of silicon and germanium phthalocyanines in planar heterojunction organic photovoltaic devices and how pentafluoro phenoxylation can enhance π-π interactions and device performance. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7(9), 5076–5088 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lien, S., Cho, Y., Shao, Y., Hsu, C., Tsou, C., Yan, W., Han, P., Wuu, D.: Influence of surface morphology on the effective lifetime and performance of silicon heterojunction solar cell. Int. J. Photoenergy 2015, 1–8 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  • Mart, L., Gomis, N., Ruiz, F., Thomas, M., Fern, F., D’Souza, F., Sastre-Santos, A.: Multichromophoric perylenediimide–silicon phthalocyanine–C60 system as an artificial photosynthetic analogue. Chem. Eur. J. 23, 3863–3874 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  • Milliron, D., Gur, I., Alivisatos, A.: Hybrid organic-nanocrystal solar cells. MRS Bull. 30, 41–44 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  • Nawar, A., Abd El-Salam, M., El-Mahalawy, A., El-Nahass, M.M.: Analyzed electrical performance and induced interface passivation of fabricated Al/NTCDA/p-Si MIS–Schottky heterojunction. Appl. Phys. A 126, 113–130 (2020)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Norde, H.: A modified forward I–V plot for Schottky diodes with high series resistance. J. Appl. Phys. 50, 5052–5058 (1979)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ömeroğlu, İ., Kaya, E., Göksel, M., Kussovski, V., Mantareva, V., Durmuş, M.: Synthesis of new axial substituted silicon (IV) phthalocyanine compounds, their photophysicochemical properties and investigation of their activity against bacterial pathogens. Chemistry 25, 5415–5422 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  • Radziemska, E.: Effect of temperature on dark current characteristics of silicon solar cells and diodes. Int. J. Energy Res. 30, 127–134 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ray, A., Gupta, S., Yakhmi, J.: Nuclear detectors based on n-silicon/copper–phthalocyanine heterojunctions. Radiat. Meas. 44(1), 47–49 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  • Remaki, B., Guillaud, G., Mayes, D.: Space charge analysis in doped zinc phthalocyanine thin films. Opt. Mater. 9, 240–244 (1998)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Riad, A.: Dark and photoelectric conversion properties of p-MgPc/n-Si (Organic/Inorganic) heterojunction cells. Thin Solid Films 370, 253–257 (2000)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Rostalski, J., Meissner, D.: Monochromatic versus solar efficiencies of organic solar cells Photocurrent spectroscopy for the investigation of charge carrier generation and transport mechanism in organic p/n-junction solar cells. Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells 61, 87–95 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  • Roy, M., Kumar, M., Jaiswal, P., Sharma, G.: Investigation of iron (II) phthalocyanine based schottky device as gamma radiation sensor. Radiat. Meas. 38, 205–209 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sato, K., Yasumura, Y.: Study of forward I–V plot for Schottky diodes with high series resistance. J. Appl. Phys. 58, 3655–3661 (1985)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sawant, S.: The properties and advantages of the hybrid solar Cell. Int. Res. J. Sci. Eng. 5, 19–25 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  • Shafai, T., Anthopoulos, T.: Junction properties of nickel phthalocyanine thin film devices utilising indium injecting electrodes. Thin Solid Films 398–399, 361–367 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  • Shah, M., Sayyad, M., Karimov, K.: Electrical characterization of the organic semiconductor Ag/CuPc/Au Schottky diode. J. Semicond. 32(4), 44001–44006 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  • Shen, X., Zheng, B., Huang, X., Wang, L., Huang, J.: The first silicon(iv) phthalocyanine–nucleoside conjugates with high photodynamic activity. Dalton Trans. 42, 10398–10403 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sirringhaus, H., Kawase, T., Friend, R., Shimoda, T., Inbasekaran, M., Wu, W., Woo, E.: High-resolution inkjet printing of all-polymer transistor circuits. Science 290, 2123–2126 (2000)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Soliman, H., Farag, A., Khosifan, N., El-Nahass, M.: Electrical transport mechanisms and photovoltaic characterization of cobalt phthalocyanine on silicon heterojunctions. Thin Solid Films 516, 8678–8683 (2008)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Sze, S.: Physics of Semiconductor Devices, p. 812. Wiley, New York (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  • Tatar, B., Demiroğlu, D., Urgenb, M.: Structure and photovoltaic properties of Ag/p-CuPc/a-Si/c-Si/Ag organic–inorganic hybrid heterojunction fabricated by chemical spray pyrolysis technique. Microelectron. Eng. 108, 150–157 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yanagi, H., Kataura, H., Ueda, Y.: Improved photovoltaic properties for Au/AlPcCl/n-Si solar cells with morphology-controlled AlPcCl deposition. J. Appl. Phys. 75, 568–573 (1994)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Yildirim, G., Akdogan, M., Varilci, A., Terzioglu, C.: Role of annealing environment and partial pressure on structure and optical performance of TiO2 thin films fabricated by RF sputter method. Crystal Res. Technol. 45, 1161–1165 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yildirim, G., Bal, S., Yucel, E., Dogruer, M., Akdogan, M., Varilci, A., Terzioglu, C.: Effect of mn addition on structural and superconducting properties of (Bi, Pb)-2223 superconducting ceramics. J. Supercond. Novel Magn. 25, 381–390 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yuan, Z.: A photodiode with high rectification ratio and low turn-on voltage based on ZnO nanoparticles and SubPc planar heterojunction. Phys. E: Low-dimensional Syst. Nanostruct. 56, 160–164 (2014)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Zawodzki, M., Resel, R., Sferrazza, M., Kettner, O., Friedel, B.: Interfacial morphology and “effects on device performance of organic bilayer heterojunction solar cells”. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7(30), 16161–16168 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeyada, H., El-Nahass, M., El-Menyawy, E.: Fabrication and transport mechanisms of 2-(2,3-dihydro-1,5-dimethyl-3-oxo-2-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-ylimino)-2-(4 nitrophenyl)acetonitrile/p-silicon hybrid solar cell. Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells 92, 1586–1592 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeyada, H., El-Gammal, M., ElBatrawy, O., Omar, B.: Gamma-ray sensor based on an iron chloride tetraphenyl porphyrin/p-silicon heterojunction diode. Phys. Scripta 86, 065801–065809 (2012)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Zeyada, H., El-Nahass, M., El-Menyawy, E., El-Sawah, A.: Electrical and photovoltaic characteristics of indium phthalocyanine chloride/p-Si solar cell. Synth. Metals 207, 46–53 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, P.: Effects of surface roughness on electrical contact, RF heating and field enhancement. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Michigan, USA (2012)

  • Zu, Y., He, C., Liu, D., Chen, L.: Synthesis of hybrid structures based on metal phthalocyanines/graphene oxide towards nonlinear optical applications. Dyes Pigm. 173, 107841–107852 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Authors would like to acknowledge the support of this research that is provide by Port-Said University.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to D. G. El-Damhogi.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

El-Damhogi, D.G., El-Mallah, H.M., el-Salam, M.A. et al. Fabrication, carrier transport mechanisms and photovoltaic properties of Au/silicon phthalocyanine dichloride/p-Si/Al heterojunction device. Opt Quant Electron 52, 429 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-020-02546-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-020-02546-8

Keywords

Navigation