Abstract
Diamond-like carbon (DLC) films have been extensively applied as a solid lubricant and as a protective coating due to their attractive chemical, mechanical, and tribological properties. Furthermore, these properties of DLC coatings can be improved with the incorporation of nanoparticles of different materials, especially diamond nanoparticles (DNPs). Herein, the incorporation of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) DNPs was done from a deionized aqueous colloidal solution by using a controlled pulsed valve, which is an innovative aspect of this work. The CVD DNPs were pulverized into the plasma region and incorporated in the DLC films bulk with controllable size particle distribution and density. In addition, an enhanced process to obtain DNPs with suitable size distribution was established by using a high energy ball milling technique, centrifugation, and a special chemical cleaning process. The DLC films were deposited on a metallic substrate via a modified, pulsed DC plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) technique, with an additional cathode. X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) techniques showed that an aqueous colloidal solution of high-purity DNPs with a mean diameter of 32 nm was obtained. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) results showed that it is possible to control particle size distribution by varying the milling and centrifugation time lengths. Therefore, a valuable result was that DLC films could be deposited with DNPs by using clean water without affecting deposition rate, the adhesion between the DLC films and substrates, the structural quality of the film, and keeping lower coefficient of friction.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Not applicable.
References
Adach K, Fijalkowski M, Gajek G, Skolimowski J, Kontek R, Blaszczyk A (2016) Studies on the cytotoxicity of diamond nanoparticles against human cancer cells and lymphocytes. Chem Biol Interact 254:156–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2016.06.004
Almeida CN, Ramos BC, Da-Silva NS, Pacheco-Soares C, Trava-Airoldi VJ, Lobo AO, Marciano FR (2013) Morphological analysis and cell viability on diamond-like carbon films containing nanocrystalline diamond particles. Appl Surf Sci 275:258–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2012.12.122
Ayatollahi MR, Alishahi E, Shadlou S (2011) Mechanical behavior of Nanodiamond/epoxy nanocomposites. Int J Fract 170:95–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10704-011-9600-3
Badea I, Kaur R (2013) Nanodiamonds as novel nanomaterials for biomedical applications: drug delivery and imaging systems. Int J Nanomedicine 8:203. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S37348
Baidakova MV, Kukushkina YA, Sitnikova AA, Yagovkina MA, Kirilenko DA, Sokolov VV, Shestakov MS, Vul’ AY, Zousman B, Levinson O (2013) Structure of nanodiamonds prepared by laser synthesis. Phys Solid State 55:1747–1753. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063783413080027
Behler KD, Stravato A, Mochalin V, Korneva G, Yushin G, Gogotsi Y (2009) Nanodiamond-polymer composite fibers and coatings. ACS Nano 3:363–369. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn800445z
Bhattacharjee S (2016) DLS and zeta potential—what they are and what they are not? J Control Release 235:337–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.06.017
Boudou J-P, Curmi PA, Jelezko F, Wrachtrup J, Aubert P, Sennour M, Balasubramanian G, Reuter R, Thorel A, Gaffet E (2009) High yield fabrication of fluorescent nanodiamonds. Nanotechnology 20:235602. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/20/23/235602
Campos RA, Contin A, Trava-Airoldi VJ, Moro JR, Barquete DM, Corat EJ (2012) CVD diamond films growth on silicon nitride inserts (Si3N4) with high nucleation density by functionalization seeding. Mater Sci Forum 727–728:1433–1438. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.727-728.1433
Capote G, Mastrapa GC, Trava-Airoldi VJ (2015) Influence of acetylene precursor diluted with argon on the microstructure and the mechanical and tribological properties of a-C:H films deposited via the modified pulsed-DC PECVD method. Surf Coat Technol 284:145–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2015.08.065
Capote G, Ramírez MA, da Silva PCS, Lugo DC, Trava-Airoldi VJ (2016) Improvement of the properties and the adherence of DLC coatings deposited using a modified pulsed-DC PECVD technique and an additional cathode. Surf Coat Technol 308:70–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2016.08.096
Casiraghi C, Ferrari AC, Robertson J (2005) Raman spectroscopy of hydrogenated amorphous carbons. Phys Rev B 72:085401. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.72.085401
Chu Z, Zhang S, Zhang B, Zhang C, Fang C-Y, Rehor I, Cigler P, Chang H-C, Lin G, Liu R, Li Q (2014) Unambiguous observation of shape effects on cellular fate of nanoparticles. Sci Rep 4:4495. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep04495
da Silva PCS, Ramos MAR, Corat EJ, Trava-Airoldi VJ (2016) DLC films grown on steel using an innovator active screen system for PECVD technique. Mater Res 19:882–888. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-MR-2015-0456
Dai L (ed) (2006) Carbon nanotechnology: recent developments in chemistry, physics, materials science and device applications. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Damm DD, Contin A, Cardoso LDR, Trava-Airoldi VJ, Barquete DM, Corat EJ (2019) A novel method to mitigate residual stress in CVD diamond film on steel substrates with a single intermediate layer. Surf Coat Technol 357:93–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.09.067
Danilenko VV (2004) On the history of the discovery of nanodiamond synthesis. Phys Solid State 46:595–599. https://doi.org/10.1134/1.1711431
Danilenko V, Shenderova OA (2012) Advances in synthesis of nanodiamond particles. In: Shenderova O, Gruen D (eds) Ultananocrystalline diamond, 2nd edn. Elsevier Inc., Waltham, pp 133–164
Frenklach M, Howard W, Huang D, Yuan J, Spear KE, Koba R (1991) Induced nucleation of diamond powder. Appl Phys Lett 59:546–548. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.105434
Ginés L, Mandal S, Morgan DJ, Lewis R, Davies PR, Borri P, Morley GW, Williams OA (2018) Production of metal-free diamond nanoparticles. ACS Omega 3:16099–16104. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.8b02067
Goldstein AN (1997) Handbook of nanophase materials. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York
Gubarevich AV, Usuba S, Kakudate Y, Tanaka A, Odawara O (2004) Diamond powders less than 100 nm in diameter as effective solid lubricants in vacuum. Jpn J Appl Phys 43:L920–L923. https://doi.org/10.1143/JJAP.43.L920
Gutiérrez BJM, Conceição K, de Andrade VM, Trava-Airoldi VJ, Capote G (2019) High antibacterial properties of DLC film doped with nanodiamond. Surf Coat Technol 375:395–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.07.029
Hauert R (2003) A review of modified DLC coatings for biological applications. Diam Relat Mater 12:583–589. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-9635(03)00081-5
Heyer S, Janssen W, Turner S, Lu Y-G, Yeap WS, Verbeeck J, Haenen K, Krueger A (2014) Toward deep blue Nano hope diamonds: heavily boron-doped diamond nanoparticles. ACS Nano 8:5757–5764. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn500573x
Holmberg K, Ronkainen H, Matthews A (2000) Tribology of thin coatings. Ceram Int 26:787–795. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-8842(00)00015-8
Huang H, Pierstorff E, Osawa E, Ho D (2007) Active nanodiamond hydrogels for chemotherapeutic delivery. Nano Lett 7:3305–3314. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl071521o
Hurtado CR, Wachesk C d C, Queiroz RC, de Macedo EF, Correia RFB d O, Taiariol TS, Diniz MF, dos Santos AMI, Montanheiro TL d A, Hurtado GR, Trava-Airoldi VJ, Tada DB (2020) A simple procedure to obtain nanodiamonds from leftover of HFCVD system for biological application. SN Appl Sci 2:352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-1967-1
Ivanov MG, Pavlyshko SV, Ivanov DM, Petrov I, Shenderova O (2010) Synergistic compositions of colloidal nanodiamond as lubricant-additive. J Vac Sci Technol B, Nanotechnol Microelectron Mater Process Meas Phenom 28:869–877. https://doi.org/10.1116/1.3478245
Knight DS, White WB (1989) Characterization of diamond films by Raman spectroscopy. J Mater Res 4:385–393. https://doi.org/10.1557/JMR.1989.0385
Koch CC (1997) Synthesis of nanostructured materials by mechanical milling: problems and opportunities. Nanostruct Mater 9:13–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0965-9773(97)00014-7
Leyland A, Matthews A (2000) On the significance of the H/E ratio in wear control: a nanocomposite coating approach to optimised tribological behaviour. Wear 246:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1648(00)00488-9
Li J, Zhu Y, Li W, Zhang X, Peng Y, Huang Q (2010) Nanodiamonds as intracellular transporters of chemotherapeutic drug. Biomaterials 31:8410–8418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.07.058
Marciano FR, Bonetti LF, Pessoa RS, Marcuzzo JS, Massi M, Santos LV, Trava-Airoldi VJ (2008) The improvement of DLC film lifetime using silver nanoparticles for use on space devices. Diam Relat Mater 17:1674–1679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2008.03.007
Marciano FR, Almeida EC, Lima-Oliveira DA, Corat EJ, Trava-Airoldi VJ (2010a) Crystalline diamond particles into diamond-like carbon films: the influence of the particle sizes on the electrochemical corrosion resistance. Surf Coat Technol 204:2600–2604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2010.02.014
Marciano FR, Bonetti LF, Lima-Oliveira DA, Mello CB, Ueda M, Corat EJ, Trava-Airoldi VJ (2010b) Characterization of crystalline diamond incorporated diamond-like carbon films. Diam Relat Mater 19:1139–1143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2010.04.003
Marciano FR, Costa RPC, Lima-Oliveira DA, Lobo AO, Corat EJ, Trava-Airoldi VJ (2011) Tribological behavior under aggressive environment of diamond-like carbon films with incorporated nanocrystalline diamond particles. Surf Coat Technol 206:434–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2011.07.049
Mochalin VN, Neitzel I, Etzold BJM, Peterson A, Palmese G, Gogotsi Y (2011) Covalent incorporation of aminated nanodiamond into an epoxy polymer network. ACS Nano 5:7494–7502. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn2024539
Mochalin VN, Shenderova O, Ho D, Gogotsi Y (2012) The properties and applications of nanodiamonds. Nat Nanotechnol 7:11–23. https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2011.209
Neu E, Arend C, Gross E, Guldner F, Hepp C, Steinmetz D, Zscherpel E, Ghodbane S, Sternschulte H, Steinmüller-Nethl D, Liang Y, Krueger A, Becher C (2011) Narrowband fluorescent nanodiamonds produced from chemical vapor deposition films. Appl Phys Lett 98:243107. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3599608
Neu E, Guldner F, Arend C, Liang Y, Ghodbane S, Sternschulte H, Steinmüller-Nethl D, Krueger A, Becher C (2013) Low temperature investigations and surface treatments of colloidal narrowband fluorescent nanodiamonds. J Appl Phys 113:203507. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4807398
Nunn N, Torelli M, McGuire G, Shenderova O (2017) Nanodiamond: a high impact nanomaterial. Curr Opin Solid State Mater Sci 21:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cossms.2016.06.008
Osswald S, Mochalin VN, Havel M, Yushin G, Gogotsi Y (2009) Phonon confinement effects in the Raman spectrum of nanodiamond. Phys Rev B 80:075419. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.80.075419
Patterson AL (1939) The Scherrer formula for X-ray particle size determination. Phys Rev 56:978–982. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.56.978
Radi PA, Marciano FR, Lima-Oliveira DA, Santos LV, Corat EJ, Trava-Airoldi VJ (2011) Influence of crystalline diamond nanoparticles on diamond-like carbon friction behavior. Appl Surf Sci 257:7387–7393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.02.034
Ramos BC, Saito E, Trava-Airoldi VJ, Lobo AO, Marciano FR (2014) Diamond-like carbon electrochemical corrosion resistance by addition of nanocrystalline diamond particles for biomedical applications. Surf Coat Technol 259:732–736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2014.09.066
Richter H, Wang ZP, Ley L (1981) The one phonon Raman spectrum in microcrystalline silicon. Solid State Commun 39:625–629. https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-1098(81)90337-9
Robertson J (2002) Diamond-like amorphous carbon. Mater Sci Eng R Rep 37:129–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-796X(02)00005-0
Schrand AM, Dai L, Schlager JJ, Hussain SM, Osawa E (2007a) Differential biocompatibility of carbon nanotubes and nanodiamonds. Diam Relat Mater 16:2118–2123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2007.07.020
Schrand AM, Huang H, Carlson C, Schlager JJ, Ōsawa E, Hussain SM, Dai L (2007b) Are diamond nanoparticles cytotoxic? J Phys Chem B 111:2–7. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp066387v
Suryanarayana C (2001) Mechanical alloying and milling. Prog Mater Sci 46:1–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6425(99)00010-9
Telling RH, Pickard CJ, Payne MC, Field JE (2000) Theoretical strength and cleavage of diamond. Phys Rev Lett 84:5160–5163. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.5160
Turcheniuk K, Mochalin VN (2017) Biomedical applications of nanodiamond (review). Nanotechnology 28:252001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/aa6ae4
Vidakis N, Antoniadis A, Bilalis N (2003) The VDI 3198 indentation test evaluation of a reliable qualitative control for layered compounds. J Mater Process Technol 143–144:481–485. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(03)00300-5
Wachesk CC, Pires CAF, Ramos BC, Trava-Airoldi VJ, Lobo AO, Pacheco-Soares C, Marciano FR, Da-Silva NS (2013) Cell viability and adhesion on diamond-like carbon films containing titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Appl Surf Sci 266:176–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2012.11.124
Wang L, Gao Y, Xue Q, Liu H, Xu T (2005) Effects of nano-diamond particles on the structure and tribological property of Ni-matrix nanocomposite coatings. Mater Sci Eng A 390:313–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2004.08.033
Williams OA, Hees J, Dieker C, Jäger W, Kirste L, Nebel CE (2010) Size-dependent reactivity of diamond nanoparticles. ACS Nano 4:4824–4830. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn100748k
Yang G, Wang J, Liu Q (1998) Preparation of nano-crystalline diamonds using pulsed laser induced reactive quenching. J Phys Condens Matter 10:7923–7927. https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/10/35/024
Zhang Q, Mochalin VN, Neitzel I, Knoke IY, Han J, Klug CA, Zhou JG, Lelkes PI, Gogotsi Y (2011) Fluorescent PLLA-nanodiamond composites for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials 32:87–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.08.090
Zhu Y, Li J, Li W, Zhang Y, Yang X, Chen N, Sun Y, Zhao Y, Fan C, Huang Q (2012) The biocompatibility of Nanodiamonds and their application in drug delivery systems. Theranostics 2:302–312. https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.3627
Acknowledgments
The authors want to acknowledge Drs. Walter Toshi, Gislene Martins, and André Marcondes for helping on some characterization.
Code availability
Not applicable.
Funding
This research was funded by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo-FAPESP (grant numbers 2017/01697-6, 2017/08899-3, and 2012/15857-1), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de nível superior (Capes);
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
de Oliveira Correia, R.F.B., Wachesk, C.C., Hurtado, C.R. et al. CVD-diamond nanoparticle synthesis for DLC film application. J Nanopart Res 22, 293 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-020-05018-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-020-05018-y