Original research articleSynthesis and the study of structural, thermal and optical properties of (100-x)Bi2O3-x(BaO-TiO2) glass system
Introduction
Glasses synthesized using nano/microcrystals of ferroelectric material have gained worldwide attention from researchers owing to their easy preparation methods and various functionalities. These glasses have found potential applications in different technological fields, determined by their properties like ferroelectric hysteresis, high piezo and pyroelectric coefficients, high permittivity, strong electro-optic effects and anomalously low-temperature coefficients for resistivity [[1], [2], [3], [4]]. Glasses doped with different ferroelectric perovskite oxide materials like BT, PbTiO3, PbZrO3, BiFeO3, NaNbO3, LiTaO3 etc. find large applications in nonvolatile storage and flash memories, resonant wave devices like radio frequency filters, actuators, thermovision detection matrices and electric motor overload protection circuits etc. In literature various reports are available on ferroelectric based glass systems [[1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8]] reporting BT doped binary [xBT–(100-x)V2O5] and ternary [xBT–(100-x)V2O5-20Bi2O3] vanadate, (80V2O5-20PbO-xBT) lead vanadate glass and glass-ceramic systems, vanadium tellurite homogenous glass systems like [(30-x)V2O5-xBT-70TeO2] and (35V2O5-15Bi2O3-50TeO2+xBT) respectively. Such glass systems containing vanadium oxide as a host matrix provide the best electronic conductors and inherit some interesting structural and thermal features.
Owing to these properties, we have tried to prepare the glass system using bismuth as a host matrix. Bi2O3 being a higher valent oxide, has the capacity to introduce various positive structural changes in the glass system. It mainly acts as a network modifier, but when used more than 45 mol% in any composition, it contributes to network formation, thus confirming the role of Bi3+ in the structural formation [9,10]. The octahedral positions in the glass structure are generally occupied by Bi ion [11]. The bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) has the capability to form the monoclinic [BiB3O6], [BiO3] pyramids and distorted [BiO6] polyhedral phases which shows extraordinarily large coefficients for linear and non-linear optics [11,12]. Using highly polarizable Bi2O3 as a host matrix and remarkable properties of Bi3+ has found applications in the fields like optoelectronics, photonic devices, fiber optic amplifiers, efficient lasers, second and third harmonic generation, high third order non- linear optical susceptibility, ultrafast optical switches, optical isolators and infrared transmission components [[13], [14], [15], [16]].
BT is one of the ferroelectric perovskite oxide used in glass and glass ceramics and is technologically important because of its extremely vast properties like high mechanical strength, high chemical durability, low thermal expansion coefficient, high resistance to thermal expansion, very high dielectric constant and low dielectric loss. BT has found immense applications in the fields of electroceramics, microelectronics scientific, industrial and electronic industry such as in dielectric ceramic capacitors, multilayer capacitors, ultrasonic transducers, energy storage devices, radio communication filters, electroluminescent panels, positive temperature coefficient (PTC) resistors, pyroelectric infrared sensors and piezoelectric devices such as microphones etc. [[17], [18], [19]]. Although BT is one of the highly investigated ferroelectric material in the last few decades detailed literature survey has confirmed that no reports have been found on the structural, optical and thermal analysis of glasses with (Bi2O3-BT) binary system. BT has a poor glass-forming ability and so to obtain transparent glass-like material, Bi2O3 has been used as a network former [18,20]. It is well confirmed that Bi2O3 has the property to participate both in the network modification as well as in the network formation by occupying the suitable orientations [11,21,22].
In the present work, we have studied the glass-forming ability of the (100-x)Bi2O3-x(BaO-TiO2) system with an objective to have an understanding of the structural, thermal, physical and optical changes occurring in prepared glass system on the addition of BT (where BT refers to BaO-TiO2).
Section snippets
Sample preparation
The melt quench technique has been employed to fabricate the series of glass samples of the binary system with the composition (100-x)Bi2O3-x(BaO-TiO2) where x = 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 (wt %). As per the composition, the appropriate amount of the starting chemical materials, Bi2O3, BaCO3 and TiO2 (Sigma Aldrich 99.9 % pure) were weighed and mixed thoroughly using mortar-pestle. This mixture was then transferred into an alumina crucible and kept in a muffle furnace for melting at 1050 °C for 30 min.
X-ray diffraction
Fig. 1 depicts the X-Ray diffractograms (XRD) of the prepared glass samples having composition (100-x)Bi2O3-x(BaO-TiO2) where, x = 10, 20, 30, 40, 50. A perusal of the obtained data shows the absence of sharp peaks in prepared glass samples confirming the amorphous nature of the samples [13].
Physical parameters
The average molecular weight (Mw) of the composed glass samples can be utilized to calculate various physical parameters for the composition (100-x)Bi2O3-x(BaO-TiO2), such as density (ρ), molar volume (Vm)
Conclusions
X-ray diffraction studies confirmed the amorphous nature of the prepared samples thus, confirming their glassy nature. The calculated values of density evidently indicated an increase in compactness of the glass structure with the addition of BT. Molar volume has an opposite trend than expected which can be due to the replacement of a larger radius of Bi3+ (1.20 A°) by a smaller radius of Ti4+ (0.64 A°) and hence decreases their interatomic distances. An increase in Tg with the addition of BT
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to the Emerging Sciences Department GNDU for providing the necessary facilities.
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