Abstract
Cracking in concrete pavements is a major concern for their performance, especially the existence of the internal bottom-up cracks. These cracks may induce water penetration in-pavement structure and foundation, resulting in-pavement degradation. Early detection of the hidden cracks in concrete pavements can expedite timely maintenance, which improves the safety of the infrastructure. This paper develops a detection system for internal crack location and propagation using discrete strain sensors at the bottom of the concrete pavements. In this study, based on linear elastic fracture mechanics, a theoretical approach is derived from locating the bottom-up crack and tracking the crack propagation using a minimum of two discrete in-pavement strain sensors. Experimental results showed that the proposed crack detection approach with two discrete strain sensors could detect bottom-up cracks with an average measurement accuracy of 82.4% for three specimens tested in the laboratory. This study may provide an alternative technique to detect hidden bottom-up cracks in concrete pavements.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Broomfield JP (2003) Corrosion of steel in concrete: understanding, investigation and repair. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Merritt DK, McCullough BF, Burns NH (2001) Construction and preliminary monitoring of the Georgetown, Texas precast prestressed concrete pavement. Center for Transportation Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin
Taheri S (2019) A review on five key sensors for monitoring of concrete structures. Constr Build Mater 204:492–509
Benedetto A (2013) A three dimensional approach for tracking cracks in bridges using GPR. J Appl Geophys 97:37–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2012.12.010
Luburić I, Perić Z, Šesnić S (2017) Electromagnetic modeling of the GPR response to the pipe system set in the concrete slab. In: 2017 25th International Conference on Software, Telecommunications and Computer Networks (SoftCOM). IEEE, pp 1–5. https://doi.org/10.23919/SOFTCOM.2017.8115531
Scullion T, Saarenketo T (1998) Applications of Ground Penetrating Radar technology for network and project level pavement management systems. In: Fourth International Conference on Managing Pavements, vol 1
Fernandes FM, Pais JC (2017) Laboratory observation of cracks in road pavements with GPR. Constr Build Mater 154:1130–1138
Birtwisle A, Utsi E (2008) The use of ground penetrating radar to detect vertical subsurface cracking in airport runways. In: Proceedings of the 12th international conference on ground penetrating radar (GPR 2008), Birmingham, UK. https://www.geomatrix.co.uk/cms/resources/downloads/the-use-of-ground-penetrating-radar-to-detect-vertical-subsurface-cracking-in-airport-runways-bybirtwisle-and-utsi.pdf
Tong Z, Yuan D, Gao J, Wei Y, Dou H (2020) Pavement-distress detection using ground-penetrating radar and network in networks. Constr Build Mater 233:117352
Choi P, Kim DH, Lee BH, Won MC (2016) Application of ultrasonic shear-wave tomography to identify horizontal crack or delamination in concrete pavement and bridge. Constr Build Mater 121:81–91
Khazanovich L, Velasquez R (1940) Nesvijski EG (2005) Evaluation of top-down cracks in asphalt pavements by using a self-calibrating ultrasonic technique. Transp Res Rec 1:63–68
Tigdemir M, Kalyoncuoglu SK, Kalyoncuoglu UY (2004) Application of ultrasonic method in asphalt concrete testing for fatigue life estimation. NDT E Int 37(8):597–602
Cook K, Garg N, Singh A, Flynn M (2016) Detection of delamination in the HMA layer of runway pavement structure using asphalt strain gauges. J Transp Eng 142(11):04016047
Zhang Z, Huang Y, Palek L, Strommen R, Worel B (2014) Glass fiber reinforced polymer packaged fiber Bragg grating sensors for ultra-thin unbonded concrete overlay monitoring. Struct Health Monit. https://doi.org/10.1177/1475921714554143
Bao Y, Tang F, Chen Y, Meng W, Huang Y, Chen G (2016) Concrete pavement monitoring with PPP-BOTDA distributed strain and crack sensors. Smart Struct Syst 18(3): 405–423. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2016.18.3.405[(2015) Monitoring. Struct Health Monitor 14(1):110–123]
Wu ZS, Xu B, Takahashi T, Harada T (2008) Performance of a BOTDR optical fibre sensing technique for crack detection in concrete structures. Struct Infrastruct Eng 4(4):311–323
Chapeleau X, Blanc J, Hornych P, Gautier JL, Carroget J (2017) Assessment of cracks detection in pavement by a distributed fiber optic sensing technology. J Civil Struct Health Monit 7(4):459–470. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13349-017-0236-5#citeas
Patil PK, Patil SR (2017) Review on structural health monitoring system using WSN for bridges. In: 2017 international conference of electronics, communication and aerospace technology (ICECA), Coimbatore, India, April 2017. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICECA.2017.8203615
Maeijer KD, Patricia GL, Vuye C, Voet E, Vanlanduit S, Braspenninckx J, Stevens N, Wolf JD (2019) Fiber optics sensors in asphalt pavement: state-of-the-art review. Infrastructures 4(2):36
Srinivasan AV, McFarland DM (2001) Smart structures, analysis and design, 1st edn. Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom, p 1212, ISBN-13: 978-0521659772
Alshandah M, Huang Y, Lu P, Tolliver D (2018) Bottom-up crack detection in concrete pavements using in-pavement strain sensors. In: Sensors and smart structures technologies for civil, mechanical, and aerospace systems, Proc. SPIE 10598, Paper Number 105982I, 10 pages, 27 March 2018. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2296654
Sahoo AK, Dubey RN, Pandey MD (2007) Crack induced stress and deformation field. Transaction, SMiRT 19, Toronto, Aug 2007, paper no B02/2
Rice J (198) Elastic fracture mechanics concepts for interfacial cracks. J Appl Mech (Trans ASME) 55(1):98–103
Rooke DP, Cartwright DJ (1976) Compendium of stress intensity factors. Procurement Executive, Ministry of Defence. H. M. S. O
Tada H, Paris PC, Irwin GR (1973) The stress analysis of cracks. Handbook, Del Research Corporation, Hellertown
Anderson TL (2017) Fracture mechanics: fundamentals and applications. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Zhang J, Liu Q (2003) Determination of concrete fracture parameters from a three-point bending test. Tsinghua Sci Technol 8(6):726–733
ASTM, C78 (2010) Standard test method for flexural strength of concrete (using simple beam with third-point loading). In: American Society for Testing Materials, C78/78M-18, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA. https://compass.astm.org/EDIT/html_annot.cgi?C78+18
Acknowledgements
The U.S. Department of Transportation partially supported this study under the agreement no. 69A35517477108 through Mountain-Plains Consortium Project no. MPC-547 and NSF Award no. 1750316.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Alshandah, M., Huang, Y., Gao, Z. et al. Internal crack detection in concrete pavement using discrete strain sensors. J Civil Struct Health Monit 10, 345–356 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13349-020-00388-2
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13349-020-00388-2