Abstract
Laser direct joining of carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic (CFRTP) composite plate and titanium alloy plate with a thickness of 2 mm was performed with swing laser. Numerous air bubble of submillimeter size were observed inside the fusion zone of CFRTP and titanium alloy at the cross section of the joints. The air bubble characteristics were analyzed based on the morphology and size, while the formation mechanism of air bubble was further elucidated according to the nucleation mode, nucleation site and nucleation position. The results demonstrated that the nucleation modes of air bubble are substantially divided into homogeneous nucleation and heterogeneous nucleation, which is related to the nucleation sites. The nucleation mode presents a crucial factor influencing the position and morphology of air bubble. In addition, the air bubble characteristics are also determined by the clamp pressure and resin flow. The final morphology of air bubble is primarily represented by four typical types.
Funding source: The Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
Award Identifier / Grant number: NP2018461
Author contribution: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
Research funding: This research is financially supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, no. NP2018461.
Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.
References
1. Zhou, Y., Zeng, W. D., Yu, H. Mater. Sci. Eng. A-Struct. Mater. Properties Microstruct. Processing 2005, 393, 204–212; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2004.10.016.Search in Google Scholar
2. Zhisho, Z. J. Aeronautical Mater. 2014, 34, 44–50. https://doi.org/10.11868/j.issn.1005-5053.2014.4.00.Search in Google Scholar
3. Molitor, P., Barron, V., Young, T. M. Int. J. Adhesion Adhes. 2001, 21, 129–136; https://doi.org/10.1016/s0143-7496(00)00044-0.Search in Google Scholar
4. Gao, Q., Li, Y., Wang, H. Appl. Compos. Mater. 2019, 26, 1087–1099; https://doi.org/10.1007/s10443-019-09768-4.Search in Google Scholar
5. Lionetto, F., Mele, C., Leo, P. Compos. B Eng. 2018, 144, 134–42; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.02.026.Search in Google Scholar
6. Lionetto, F., Morillas, M. D., Pappada, S. Compos. Appl. Sci. Manuf. 2018, 104, 32–40; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2017.10.021.Search in Google Scholar
7. Nagatsuka, K. Q. J. Jpn. Weld. Soc. 2018, 87, 33–38; https://doi.org/10.2207/jjws.87.33.Search in Google Scholar
8. Buffa, G., Baffari, D., Campanella, D. Procedia Manuf. 2016, 5, 319–331; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2016.08.028.Search in Google Scholar
9. Tanaka, K., Teramura, T., Katayama, T. WIT Trans. Built Environ. 2016, 391–401. https://doi.org/10.2495/HPSM160371.Search in Google Scholar
10. Arai, S., Kawahito, Y., Katayama, S. Mater. Des. 2014, 59, 448–453; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.03.018.Search in Google Scholar
11. Jung, K., Kawahito, Y., Katayama, S. Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf.-Green Technol. 2014, 1, 43–48; https://doi.org/10.1007/s40684-014-0007-2.Search in Google Scholar
12. Hussein, F. I., Akman, E., Oztoprak, B. G. Optic Laser Technol. 2013, 49, 143–152; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2012.12.028.Search in Google Scholar
13. Jung, K., Kawahito, Y., Takahashi, M. Mater. Des. 2013, 47, 179–188; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.12.015.Search in Google Scholar
14. Lambiase, F., Genna, S., Lambiase, F., Genna, S. Optic Laser Technol. 2017, 88, 205–214; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2016.09.028.Search in Google Scholar
15. Rodriguez-vidal, E., Sanz, C., Lambarri, J. Optic Laser Technol. 2018, 104, 73–82; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2018.02.003.Search in Google Scholar
16. Jiao, J., Xu, Z., Wang, Q. Optic Laser Technol. 2018, 103, 170–176; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2018.01.023.Search in Google Scholar
17. Huang, Y., Meng, X., Xie, Y. Compos. Appl. Sci. Manuf. 2018, 112, 328–336; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2018.06.027.Search in Google Scholar
18. Feistauer, E., Santos, J., Amancio, F. Welding in the world Le Soudage Dans Le Monde, 2020, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-020-00927-x.Search in Google Scholar
19. Kawahito, Y., Niwa, Y., Katayama, S. Weld. Int. 2014, 28, 107–113; https://doi.org/10.1080/09507116.2012.715883.Search in Google Scholar
20. Wahba, M., Kawahito, Y., Katayama, S. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 2011, 211, 1166–1174; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2011.01.021.Search in Google Scholar
21. Jiao, J., Jia, S., Xu, Z. Compos. B Eng. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.106911.Search in Google Scholar
22. Li, Y., Bu, H., Yang, H. J. Manuf. Process. 2020, 50, 366–379; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2019.12.023.Search in Google Scholar
23. Yan, M., Tian, X., Peng, G. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2018, 165, 140–147; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2018.06.023.Search in Google Scholar
24. Katayama, S., Kawahito, Y. Scripta Mater. 2008, 59, 1247–1250; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2008.08.026.Search in Google Scholar
25. Wang, H., Chen, Y., Guo, Z. Appl. Sci. 2019, 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9030411.Search in Google Scholar
26. Fu, T., Ma, Y., Funfschilling, D. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2009, 64, 2392–2400; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2009.02.022.Search in Google Scholar
27. Li, X., Lu, F., Cui, H. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 2014, 72, 241–254; https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-014-5609-x.Search in Google Scholar
28. Zhang, Q., Wang, T., Yao, Z. Materialia. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2018.09.030.Search in Google Scholar
© 2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston