Abstract
A new finding of the rare chile Capsicum eshbaughii (Solanaceae), whose location in the field had repeatedly failed in the past, is here reported. The species is poorly known and therefore new data on flowers, fruits, seeds, and chromosome number are provided. The relationships of C. eshbaughii, particularly relative to C. eximium, are explored based on DNA sequence data. Phylogenetic relationships were reconstructed through Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood analyses using sequence data from four cpDNA intergenic spacers and nuclear waxy. Relationships among haplotypes, using sequences of five cpDNA intergenic spacers, were analysed through a median-joining network. The close affinity of C. eshbaughii with C. eximium is strongly supported although the results are not conclusive about the rank of C. eshbaughii, either as a separate species or as a variety of C. eximium. Issues regarding conservation of the species are also discussed.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
Bandelt H, Forster P, Röhl A (1999) Median-joining networks for inferring intraspecific phylogenies. Molec Biol Evol 16:37–48. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026036
Barboza GE (2011) Lectotypifications, synonymy, and a new name in Capsicum (Solanoideae, Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 2:23–38. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.2.730
Barboza GE, de Bem BL (2005) Three new species of Capsicum (Solanaceae) and a key to the wild species from Brazil. Syst Bot 30:863–871. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364405775097905
Barboza GE, Carrizo García C, Leiva González S, Scaldaferro M, Reyes X (2019) Four new species of Capsicum (Solanaceae) from the tropical Andes and an update on the phylogeny of the genus. PLoS ONE 14:e0209792. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209792
Barboza GE, de Bem BL, Stehmann JR (2020) Capsicum carassense (Solanaceae), a new species from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. PhytoKeys 140:125–138. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.140.47071
Carrizo García C, Barfuss MHJ, Sehr EM, Barboza GE, Samuel R, Moscone EA, Ehrendorfer F (2016) Phylogenetic relationships, diversification and expansion of chili peppers (Capsicum, Solanaceae). Ann Bot (Oxford) 118:35–51. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcw079
Darriba D, Taboada GL, Doallo R, Posada D (2012) jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing. Nature Meth 9:772. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2109
Eshbaugh WH (1982) Variation and evolution in Capsicum eximium Hunz. Baileya 21:193–198
Eshbaugh WH (1993) Peppers: history and exploitation of a serendipitous new crop discovery. In: Janick J, Simon JE (eds) New crops. Wiley, New York, pp 132–139
Eshbaugh WH, Smith PG (1971) A new variety of chili pepper, Capsicum eximium var. tomentosum (Solanaceae). Baileya 18:13–16
Eshbaugh WH, Smith PG, Nickrent DL (1983) Capsicum tovarii (Solanaceae), a new species of pepper from Peru. Brittonia 35:55–60. https://doi.org/10.2307/2806051
Hunziker AT (1950) Sinopsis de lase species silvestres de Capsicum de Argentina y Paraguay. Darwiniana 9:225–247
Kumar S, Stecher G, Tamura K (2016) MEGA7: molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Molec Biol Evol 33:1870–1874. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msw054
Leigh JW, Bryant D (2015) PopART: full-feature software for haplotype network construction. Methods Ecol Evol 6:1110–1116. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.12410
McLeod MJ, Guttman SI, Eshbaugh WH (1982) Early evolution of Chili Peppers (Capsicum). Econ Bot 36:361–368. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02862689
Moscone EA, Scadalferro MA, Gabriele M, Cecchini NM, Sánchez García Y, Jarret R, Daviña JR, Ducasse DA, Barboza GE, Ehrendorfer F (2007) The evolution of chili peppers (Capsicum - Solanaceae): a cytogenetic perspective. Acta Hortic 745:137–169. https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2007.745.5
Navarro G, Ferreira W (2007) Mapa de Vegetación de Bolivia, escala 1: 250 000. The Nature Conservancy (TNC), CONDESAN, The Natureserve, Cochabamba
Ronquist F, Teslenko M, van der Mark P, Ayres DL, Darling A, Höhna LB, Liu L, Suchard MA, Huelsenbeck JP (2012) MrBayes 3.2: efficient bayesian phylogenetic inference and model selection across a large model space. Syst Biol 61:539–542. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029
Simmons MP, Ochoterena H (2000) Gaps as characters in sequence-based phylogenetic analyses. Syst Biol 49:369–381. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/49.2.369
Singer RB, Buzatto CR, Sanguinetti A, Nervo MH (2018) Found again: the extremely rare Codonorchis canisioi (Orchidaceae: Codonorchideae) reappears after being missing for 78 years. Pl Syst Evol 304:1157–1163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-018-1538-8
Stamatakis A (2014) RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Bioinformatics 30:1312–1313. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu033
Wang Q-L, Tang H, Wang M-Y, Wang Z-N, Yang Q (2018) The rediscovery of Lepisanthes unilocularis (subgen. Otophora; Sapindaceae), a species endemic to Hainan, China. Nordic J Bot 36:e01675. https://doi.org/10.1111/njb.01675
Weiss-Schneeweiss H, Villaseñor JL, Stuessy TF (2009) Chromosome numbers, karyotypes, and evolution in Melampodium (Asteraceae). Int J Pl Sci 170:1168–1182. https://doi.org/10.1086/605876
Acknowledgements
We thank the governments of Jujuy (Argentina) and Bolivia for the permits to do field trips and plant collections, and the assistance of Drs. Rosa Meneses and Carla Maldonado from the Herbario Nacional de Bolivia (La Paz) in the processing of the Bolivian permit. The valuable suggestions of the reviewers about directions for future collection trips are very welcome. The financial support granted to C. Carrizo García by Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científcas y Técnicas (CONICET, Argentina), Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (ANPCyT, PICT 2015-3022, Argentina), and Fonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung (FWF, M 2282-B29, Austria) is gratefully acknowledged.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Handling Editor: Mauricio Bonifacino.
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Information on Electronic Supplementary Materials
Information on Electronic Supplementary Materials
Online Resource 1. Taxa and materials studied.
Online Resource 2. DNA markers used.
Online Resource 3. GenBank accession numbers for the sequences used in the analyses.
Online Resource 4. Datasets used for DNA data analyses.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Carrizo García, C., Fernández, L., Kapetanovic, V. et al. Rare Bolivian wild chile Capsicum eshbaughii (Solanaceae) located again: open ending on its identity and conservation. Plant Syst Evol 306, 85 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-020-01712-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-020-01712-5