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Numerical investigation of heat, flow and particle trajectory in A-TIG welding pool of 304L-SS

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Abstract

A three-dimensional CFD-model was developed to investigate Active-TIG welding of 304L-SS, involving heat transfer, fluid flow, solidification, plasma arc effect, Marangoni convections, magnetohydrodynamics and oxide particle trajectory. The aim was to understand how flux-induced particles are distributed in the weld line. The results, validated with available experimental data, showed that A-TIG forms a pool with an increased maximum temperature (2800 K) and depth-to-width ratio (0.7). The flow pattern, dominated by two vortices due to Marangoni convection, collects particles from the surface, submerges them into the pool and leads to entrapment of the most in the weld cross section. The motion path of 70% of particles ended at the deeper half of the cross section. Detailed numerical picture of A-TIG weld pool was presented and discussed in this study to be a step in understanding of the nature of Active-TIG welding and to assist in improving the process.

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Abbreviations

a :

acceleration (m/s2)

B :

magnetic field (T)

c :

specific heat (J/kgK)

D :

particle diameter (m)

F :

force (N)

f :

mass fraction

H :

heat transfer coefficient (W/m2 K)

h :

enthalpy (J/kg)

I :

welding current (A)

J :

current density (A/m2)

k :

thermal conductivity (W/mK)

K :

permeability (m2)

K o :

porosity constant (m2)

L f :

latent heat of fusion (J/kg)

L 1 :

length of sheet (m)

L 2 :

thickness of sheet (m)

L 3 :

width of sheet (m)

m :

mass (kg)

Ma:

Marangoni number

P :

pressure (Pa)

q :

heat flux (W/m2)

r :

radial position (m)

r o :

effective arc radius (m)

R :

residual of the solution

Rm:

magnetic Reynold number

S :

enthalpy source term (W/m3)

T :

temperature (K)

T o :

environment temperature (K)

t :

time (s)

u :

velocity in x direction (m/s)

v :

velocity in y direction (m/s)

V :

welding voltage (V)

w :

velocity in z axis direction (m/s)

x :

x position (m)

y :

y position(m)

z :

z position(m)

γ :

surface tension (J/m2)

τ M :

Marangoni surface tension (Pa)

β :

arc distribution factor

η :

arc efficiency

μ :

dynamic viscosity (kg/ms)

μ m :

magnetic permeability (wb/Am)

ρ :

density (kg/m3)

D:

Darcy

EMF:

electromotive force

M:

Marangoni force

cooling:

cooling wall

D:

drag

G:

gravity

heating:

heating wall

L:

Liquidus

p:

particle

S:

Solidus

W:

welding

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering at Amirkabir University of Technology. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), No.424 Hafez St, Tehran, 15916-34311, Iran

    Sara Pourmand, Amin Ramiani Jafari & Alireza Ebrahimi

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  1. Sara Pourmand
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  2. Amin Ramiani Jafari
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  3. Alireza Ebrahimi
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Correspondence to Amin Ramiani Jafari.

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Pourmand, S., Jafari, A.R. & Ebrahimi, A. Numerical investigation of heat, flow and particle trajectory in A-TIG welding pool of 304L-SS. Weld World 64, 2145–2157 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-020-00990-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-020-00990-4

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