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Surface and Groundwater Quality Evolution in the Agrio and Guadiamar Rivers After the Aznalcóllar Mine Spill (SW Spain): Lessons Learned

Erkenntnisse aus der Evaluierung der Oberflächen und Grundwasserqualität des Agriano- und des Guadiamar Flusses nach dem Schlammausbruch aus dem Bergbau Aznalcóllar in Südwestspanien

Evolución de la calidad de las aguas superficiales y subterráneas en los ríos Agrio y Guadiamar después del derrame de la mina de Aznalcóllar (SW España): lecciones aprendidas

Aznalcóllar矿(西班牙西南)溃坝后Agrio河和Guadiamar河流域地表和地下水演化:事故后教训

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Abstract

The failure of the tailing dam at the Aznalcóllar mine (SW Spain) in 1998 released ≈ 6 million m3 of pyrite sludge and acidic waters, and caused an enormous environmental disaster in the Agrio and Guadiamar rivers. A small aquifer formed by recent alluvial materials deposited by both rivers was also affected. The mine closed as a result of the spill but a new project for its reopening is currently being developed. The area covered by the spill (≈ 60 km long) was later transformed into a protected green corridor, which connects two important natural reserves. This work describes the effectiveness of the remediation measures taken and analyzes the evolution of water quality in the area since 1980 (almost 20 years before the accident occurred). The contaminant levels in both surface and groundwater showed a sharp decrease the first years after the spill, followed by a subsequent stabilization of pollution levels. Nowadays, pollutant concentrations in surface waters are even lower than those recorded before the spill, due to the cessation of mining and the effectiveness of the remediation. Despite this fast and outstanding improvement, the alluvial aquifer close to the mining zone is still polluted, with acidic pH values in some areas, probably due to the slow movement of groundwater together with the existence of some areas with polluted soils. As this aquifer feeds the streams, some pollutants (e.g. Al, Cd, and Zn) reach the surface waters. Remediation of the polluted soils as well as the alluvial aquifer in this sector is strongly recommended to achieve the complete rehabilitation of the affected area.

Zusammenfassung

Beim Dammbruch des Bergeteichs beim Bergbau Aznalcóllar in Südwestspanien wurden 6 Mio. m3 sulfidischer Schlamm und Wasser freigesetzt, die eine enorme Umweltkatastrophe im Agrio- und im Guadiamar Fluss verursacht haben. Ein kleiner Aquifer aus rezent abgelagertem Alluvialmaterial wurde bei beiden Flüsse ebenfalls beeinträchtigt. Der Bergbau hat als Folge der Schlammkatastrophe geschlossen, aber ein Projekt zur Wiederinbetriebnahme wird aktuell entwickelt. Das von der Schlammkatastrophe betroffenen Gebiet mit einer Länge von ca. 60 km wurde in einen geschützten Grünkorridor welcher zwei wichtige Naturreservate verbindet umgewandelt. Die Arbeit beschreibt die Wirksamkeit der vorgenommenen Sanierungsmaßnahmen und analysiert die Entwicklung der Wasserqualität im Gebiet seit 1980 (seit fast 20 Jahren vor Eintritt des Vorfalls). Sowohl im Oberflächen- als auch im Grundwasser zeigten die Schadstoffgehalte in den ersten Jahren nach dem Vorfall eine starke Abnahme gefolgt von einer Stabilisierung der Schadstoffwerte. Heute sind die Schadstoffgehalte im Oberflächenwasser wegen der Einstellung des Bergbaus und der Wirksamkeit der Sanierungsmaßnahmen niedriger, als die vor dem Vorfall gemessenen. Trotz dieser schnellen und herausragenden Verbesserung ist der alluviale Grundwasserleiter in Bergbaunähe, bei sauren pH-Werten, noch immer in einigen Bereichen belastet. Die Kontamination ist vermutlich durch die niedrige Fließgeschwindigkeit in Verbindung mit einigen Bereichen mit belastetem Boden bedingt. Da dieser Aquifer die Flüsse speist, gelangen einige Schadstoffe (z.B. Al, Cd and Zn) ins Oberflächenwasser. Im genannten Bereich wird die Sanierung der kontaminierten Böden und des alluvialen Aquifers zur Erreichung eines guten Zustandes der betroffenen Flächen dringend empfohlen.

Resumen

El fallo del dique de cola de la mina de Aznalcóllar (SW España) en 1998 liberó aproximadamente 6 millones de m3 de lodos de pirita y aguas ácidas, y causó un enorme desastre ambiental en los ríos Agrio y Guadiamar. También fue afectado un pequeño acuífero formado por materiales aluviales depositados por ambos ríos. La mina cerró como resultado del derrame, pero un nuevo proyecto para su reapertura se está desarrollando actualmente. La zona cubierta por el derrame (de aproximadamente 60 km de longitud) se transformó posteriormente en un corredor verde protegido, que conecta dos importantes reservas naturales. En este trabajo se describe la eficacia de las medidas de remediación adoptadas y se analiza la evolución de la calidad del agua en la zona desde 1980 (casi 20 años antes de que se produjera el accidente). Los niveles de contaminantes tanto en las aguas superficiales como en las subterráneas mostraron una fuerte disminución los primeros años después del derrame, seguida de una posterior estabilización de los niveles de contaminación. Hoy en día, las concentraciones de contaminantes en las aguas superficiales son incluso más bajos que los registrados antes del derrame, debido al cese de la explotación minera y a la eficacia de la remediación. A pesar de esta rápida y destacada mejora, el acuífero aluvial cercano a la zona de explotación minera, sigue contaminado con valores de pH ácido en algunas zonas, probablemente debido al lento movimiento de las aguas subterráneas junto con la existencia de algunas zonas con suelos contaminados. Debido a que este acuífero alimenta a los arroyos, algunos contaminantes (por ejemplo, Al, Cd y Zn) llegan a las aguas superficiales. Se recomienda encarecidamente el tratamiento de los suelos contaminados así como del acuífero aluvial de este sector, para lograr la completa rehabilitación de la zona afectada.

抽象

Aznalcollar矿(西班牙西南部)尾矿库在1998年溃坝后溃泄约600万立方米黄铁矿污泥和酸性废水,引起Agrio河和Guadiamar河流域巨大环境灾难。两条河流冲洪积物沉积形成的小型含水层也受到了影响。矿山因溃坝被关闭;目前矿山正提请恢复开采项目。约60公里长溃坝溢出物覆盖区已被改造成为受保护的连接两个重要自然保护区的绿色走廊。研究描述了修复措施的有效性,分析了1980年以来(事故发生前近20年)水质演化。地表和地下水的污染水平在泄漏后最初几年中急剧下降,之后趋于稳定。如今,由于采山停采和有效修复,地表水污染物浓度甚至比溃坝泄漏前还低。虽然地表水质快速、显著恢复,但是靠近矿坑的冲洪积含水层仍受污染,局部pH值呈酸性,推测因地下水移动缓慢和局部存在受污染土壤所致。由于含水层补给当地河流,一些污染物(如铝、镉和锌)进入了地表水域。强烈建议修复区内已受污染土壤和冲洪积含水层,以彻底修复受影响区的目的研究区。

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Acknowledgements

M.D. Basallote thanks the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for the Postdoctoral Fellowship granted under application reference IJC2018-035056-I. The authors thank Prof. Fernández Rubio and the three anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions.

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  1. Department of Earth Sciences and Research Center on Natural Resources, Health and the Environment (RENSMA), Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva, Campus ‘El Carmen’ s/n, 21071, Huelva, Spain

    Manuel Olías, Carlos R. Cánovas & M. Dolores Basallote

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  1. Manuel Olías
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Correspondence to Manuel Olías.

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Olías, M., Cánovas, C.R. & Basallote, M.D. Surface and Groundwater Quality Evolution in the Agrio and Guadiamar Rivers After the Aznalcóllar Mine Spill (SW Spain): Lessons Learned. Mine Water Environ 40, 235–249 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-020-00713-7

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