Abstract
Trace metals (TMs) that accumulated in different crops irrigated with untreated wastewater are public hazard problem. The present work aimed to evaluate the impact of utilizing untreated agricultural water in the irrigation system of the peas crop (Pisum sativum L.) until seed production on soil and plant characteristics. It also aimed to assess the effect of the applied wastewater on nutrients and TM contents in both soil and different plant parts (root, shoot ,and seed), and it extended to study TMs’ bioaccumulation and translocation ability of pea plant. Three composite soil and water samples were collected from the agricultural field (30°32’N and 31° 0′E) and agricultural wastewater effluent (30°34.5’N and 31°00.42′E) in Shebin El-Kom city used in irrigation of different crops. A pot experiment (each pot of 15 × 20 cm) was carried out in the botanic garden of Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Egypt. TMs and nutrients were investigated for soil and plant samples. There was a significant increase in trace metal contents: cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) for soil and pea plants as a result of irrigation with wastewater. Also, it caused a significant decrease in soil nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and Potassium (K) and plant (N, P, K, carbohydrates, and proteins) nutrients. A significant decline in pea growth parameters and the content of chlorophyll a and b and carotenoid in pea leaves were recorded. A high significant in TMs content for seeds (edible parts) was recorded (Cd = 75.6, Cu = 9.7, Cr = 29.8, Fe = 1123.6, Mn = 82.2, Ni = 26.8, Pb = 131.4 and Zn = 35.7 mg kg−1). The concentration of Cd, Cr, Fe, and Pb in seeds was in the phytotoxic range. Irrigation with wastewater shows a negative impact on the soil and plant characteristics. Also, it causes a significant decline in soil and plant nutrients. At the same time, it increases the concentration of TMs for soil and all plant organs. The concentration of Cd, Cr, Fe and Pb reached to the phytotoxic range in its seeds. Authors recommended that pea cultivated in soil and/or irrigated with untreated wastewater was not safe for human and animal consumption.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdel Wahaab R (2015) Wastewater management: future strategic vision to meet the challenges. Holding company for water and wastewater. El Gouna, Hurghada
AbuZeid K, Elrawady M (2014) “2030 strategic vision for treated wastewater reuse in Egypt” water resources management program – CEDARE
Ahmed A, Hanafy R (2017) Effects of industrial effluents polluting the Ismailia water canal on growth and metabolic responses of Pisum sativum seedlings. Egyp J Bot 57(3):583–594. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejbo.2017.1185.1106
Ahmed DA, Slima DF (2018) Heavy metal accumulation by Corchorus olitorius L. irrigated with wastewater. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:14996–15005. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1675-1
Allen SE (1989) Chemical analysis of ecological materials. Blackwell Scientific Publications, London
Allen SE, Grimshaw HM, Parkinson JA, Quarmby C, Roberts JD (1986) In: Moore PD, chapman SB (eds) methods in plant ecology, 2nd edn. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 411–466
Àlvarez R, Hoyo AD, García-Breijo F, Reig-Armiñana J, del Campo EM, Guéra A, Barreno E, Casano LM (2012) Different strategies to achieve Pb-tolerance by the two Trebouxia algae coexisting in the lichen Ramalina farinacea. J Plant Physiol 169:1797–1806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2012.07.00
APHA (1999) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC
Ayangbenro AS, Babalola OO (2017) A new strategy for heavy metal polluted environments: a review of microbial biosorbents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 14:94–109. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14010094
Bini C, Wahsha M, Fontana S, Maleci L (2012) Effects of heavy metals on morphological characteristics of Taraxacum officinale web growing on mine soils in NE Italy. Natl Geogr Explor 123:101–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2012.07.009
Briccoli BC, Basta P, Tocci C, Turco D (1994) Influence of irrigation with brakish water on young olive plants. Olivae 53:35–38
Chen F, Gao J, Zhou Q (2012) Toxicity assessment of simulated urban runoff containing polycyclic musks and cadmium in Carassius auratus using oxidative stress biomarkers. Environ Pollut 162:91–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.10.016
Delzer GC, McKenzie SW (2003) Five-day biochemical oxygen demand: U.S. geological survey techniques of water resources investigations
Drazkiewicz M, Baszyński T (2005) Growth parameters and photosynthetic pigments in leaf segments of Zea mays exposed to cadmium, as related to protection mechanisms. J Plant Physiol 162:1013–1021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2004.10.010
Eid EM, Shaltout KH, Alamri SAM, Sewelam NA, Galal TM, Brima EI (2019) Prediction models for evaluating heavy metal uptake by Pisum sativum L. in soil amended with sewage sludge. J Environ Sci Health Part A:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-6885-y
Eissa MA, Negim OE (2018) Heavy metals uptake and translocation by lettuce and spinach grown on a metal-contaminated soil. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 18(4):1097–1107. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-95162018005003101
Eltaher GT, Ahmed DA, El-Beheiry M, Sharaf El-Din A (2019) Biomass estimation and heavy metal accumulation by Pluchea dioscoridis (L.) DC. In the middle Nile Delta, (Egypt): perspectives for phytoremediation. South Africa Journal of Botany 127:153–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.08.053
Elzebroek T, Wind K (2008) Guide to cultivated plants. CAB International, Oxfordshire
Farahat E, Galal TM, Elawa O, Hassan L (2017) Health risk assessment and growth characteristics of wheat and maize crops irrigated with contaminated wastewater. Environ Monit Assess 189(11):535–545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-6259-x
Farid M, Shakoor MB, Ehsan S, Ali S, Zubair M, Hanif MS (2013) Morphological, physiological and biochemical responses of different plant species to cd stress. Int J Chem Biochem Sci 3:53–60 http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.718.3755&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Faruqui NI, Scott CA, Raschid-sally L (2004) Confronting the realities of wastewater in irrigated agriculture: lessons learned and recommendations. IDRC Books Free online http://www.idrc.ca
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2010) The wealth of waste: the economics of wastewater use in agriculture. FAO Water Rep 35(29):1–142
Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations FAO (2014) Stat. Database Internet. http://faostat.fao.org/default.aspx
Galal T (2016) Health hazards and heavy metals accumulation by summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) cultivated in contaminated soils. Environ Monit Assess 188:434. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5448-3
Galal TM, Shehata HS (2015a) Impact of nutrients and heavy metals capture by weeds on the growth and production of rice (Oryza sativa L.) irrigated with different water sources. Ecol Indic 54:108–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.02.024
Galal TM, Shehata HS (2015b) Bioaccumulation and translocation of heavy metals by Plantago major L. grown in contaminated soils under the effect of traffic pollution. Ecol Indic 48:244–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.08.013
Galal TM, Shehata HS (2016) Growth and nutrients accumulation potentials of giant reed (Arundo donax L.) in different habitats in Egypt. Int. J. Phytoremediation 18:1221–1230. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2016.1193470
Galal TM, Khalafalla AA, Elawa OE, Hassan LM (2018) Human health risks from consuming cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata) grown on wastewater irrigated soil. Int J Phytoremediation 20(10):1007–1016. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2018.1452186
Hajihashemi S, Mbarki S, Skalicky M, Noedoost F, Raeisi M, Brestic M (2020) Effect of wastewater irrigation on photosynthesis, growth, and anatomical features of two wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.). Water 12:1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12020607
Hassanein RA, Hashem AH, El-Deep HM, Shouman A (2013) Soil contamination with heavy metals and its effect on growth, yield and physiological responses of vegetable crop plants (turnip and lettuce). J Stress Physiol Biochem 9(4):145–162
Hu X, Tanaka A, Tanaka R (2013) Simple extraction methods that prevent the artifactual conversion of chlorophyll to chlorophyllide during pigment isolation from leaf samples. Plant Methods 9:19. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4811-9-19
Jackson ML (1962) Soil chemical analysis constable and co. LTD, London
Jhamaria C, Bhatnagar M, Naga JP (2015) Accumulation of heavy metals in soil and vegetables due to wastewater irrigation in a semiarid region of Rajasthan, India. Int J Environ Ecol Fam Urban Stud 5(5):1–10 http://www.tjprc.org/publishpapers/2-56-1441199615-1
John R, Ahmad P, Gadgil K, Sharma S (2008) Effect of cadmium and lead on growth, biochemical parameters and uptake in Lemna polyrrhiza L. Plant Soil Environ 54(6):262. https://doi.org/10.17221/2787
Kabata-Pendias A (2010) Trace elements in soils and plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Khalil MKH, Radwan AM, El-Moselhy KHM (2007) Distribution of phosphorus fractions and some of heavy metals in surface sediments of Burullus lagoon and the adjacent Mediterranean Sea. Egypt J Aquat Res 33(1):277–289 https://www.oceandocs.org/bitstream/handle/1834/1888/Text.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Khalilzadeh R, Pirzad A, Sepher E, Khan S, Anwar S (2020) Long-term effect of heavy metal–polluted wastewater irrigation on physiological and ecological parameters of Salicornia europaea L. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-020-00299-7
Lasat MM (2000) Phytoextraction of metals from contaminated soil: a review of plant/soil/metal interaction and assessment of pertinent agronomic issues. J Hazard Subst Res 2(5):1–25. https://doi.org/10.4148/1090-7025.1015
Li P, Qian H, Howard K, Wu J (2015) Heavy metal contamination of Yellow River alluvial sediments, Northwest China. Environ Earth Sci 73(7):3403–3415. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-3628-4
Liu WH, Zhao JZ, Ouyang ZY, Soderlund L, Liu GH (2005) Impacts of sewage irrigation on heavy metals distribution and contamination in Beijing, China. Environ Int 31:805–812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2005.05.042
Lowry OH, Rosen BJ, Fan AC, Randel RJ (1951) Protein measurement with Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 193:225–275
Lu RK (2000) Methods of inorganic pollutants analysis. In: Soil and agrochemical analysis methods. Agricultural Science and Technology Press, Beijing
Mahmoud EK, Ghoneim AM (2016) Effect of polluted water on soil and plant contamination by heavy metals in El-Mahla El-Kobra, Egypt. Solid Earth 7:703–711. https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-703-2016
Majid NM, Islam MM, Riasmi Y (2012) Heavy metal uptake and translocation by Jatropha curcas L. in sawdust sludge contaminated soils. Aust J Crop Sci 6:891–898 https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2e88/94c737df07396232b 15fb306288c290e1c88.pdf
Maleva MG, Nekrasova GF, Borisova GG, Chukina NV, Ushakova OS (2012) Effect of heavy metals on photosynthetic apparatus and antioxidant status of elodea. Russ J Plant Physiol 59:190–197. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1021443712020069
Mganga N (2014) The potential of bioaccumulation and translocation of heavy metals in plant species growing around the tailing dam in Tanzania. Int J Sci Technol 3:690–697 http://repository.udsm.ac.tz:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/1602
Mojiri A (2011) Effects of municipal wastewater on physical and chemical properties of saline soil. J Biol Environ Sci 5(14):71–76 https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2c77/3a534e516180cc1531ded812922a1e7bed38.pdf
Mojiri A, Amirossadat Z (2011) Effects of urban wastewater on accumulation of heavy metals in soil and corn (Zea mays L.) with sprinkler irrigation method. Asian J Plant Sci 10:233–237. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajps.2011.233.237
Mojiri A, Abdul Aziz H, Aziz SH, Gholami QA, Aboutorab M (2013) Impact of urban wastewater on soil properties and Lepidium sativum in an arid region. Int J Sci Res Environ Sci 1(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.12983/ijsres-2013-p007-015
Myśliwa-Kurdziel B, Strzałka K (2002) Influence of Metals on Biosynthesis of Photosynthetic Pigments. In: Prasad MNV, Strzałka K (eds) Physiology and Biochemistry of Metal Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2660-3_8
Naddafi K, Jaaferzadeh N, Mokhtari M, Zakizadeh B, Sakian MR (2005) Effect of wastewater stabilization pond effluent on agricultural crops. Int J Environ Sci Technol 1:273–277
Palma JM, Sandalio LM, Corpas FJ, Romero-Puertas MC, Mccarthz I, Del Rio LA (2002) Plant proteases, protein degradation, and oxidative stress: role of peroxisomes. Plant Physiol Biochem 40:521–526
Pandey SK, Gupta AK, Yunus M (2009) Physico-chemical analysis of treated distillery effluent irrigation responses on crop plants pea (Pisum sativum) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). Life Sci J 6(1):84–89 http://www.lifesciencesite.com/lsj/life0601/15_life0601_84_89_Physico.pdf
Pandita K, Malaviya P (2018) Impact of distillery wastewater on some of the growth parameters of Pisum sativum L. var. FPP11. Int J Curr Res 10(7):71587–71589. https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.31034.07.2018
Pirie NW (1955) Protein. In: Modern methods of plant analysis, vol IV. Springer Verlage, Berlin
Pitwell LR (1983) Standard COD. Chem Brit 19:907
Romanian Law (2005) “Norms for establishing pollutant load limits of industrial and municipal wastewater to discharge into the natural receivers,” Romanian GD 352 from 21 April 2005, which modify and complete the GD 188/2002-Appendix 3, NTPA-001/2002
Sethy SK, Ghosh S (2013) Effect of heavy metals on germination of seeds. J Nat Sci Biol Med 4(2):272–275. https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-9668.116964
Shehata HS, Galal TM (2020) Trace metal concentration in planted cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) from contaminated soils and its associated health risks. J Consum Prot Food Saf. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00003-020-01284-z
Shrestha MK (2000) Effect of industrial and municipality sewage effluents on germination, growth and yield of pea (Pisum sativum L. var. arkel). M. Sc. Thesis, Dept. of botany, P. G. Campus, Biratnagar, Nepal
Shrestha MK, Niroula B (2003) Germination behaviour of pea seeds on municipality sewage and some industrial effluents of Biratnagar. Our Nat 1:33–36. https://doi.org/10.3126/on.v1i1.302
Shukry WM (2001) Effect of industrial effluents polluting the River Nile on growth, metabolism and productivity of Triticum aestivum and Vicia faba plants. Pak J Biol Sci 4(9):1153–1159. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2001.1153.1159
Shun-hong H, Bing P, Zhi-hui Y, Li-yuan C, Li-cheng Z (2009) Chromium accumulation, microorganism population and enzyme activities in soils around chromium-containing slag heap of steel alloy factory. Trans Nonferrous Metals Soc China 19:241–248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-009-0099-y
Singh J, Kalamdhad AS (2011) Effects of heavy metals on soil, plants, human health and aquatic life. Int J Res Chem Environ 1(2):15–21. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/752708
SPSS (2006) SPSS base 15.0 users guide SPSS Inc. Chicago
Tang K, Zhan J-C, Yang H-R, Huang W-D (2010) Changes of resveratrol and antioxidant enzymes during UV-induced plant defense response in peanut seedlings. J Plant Physiol 167:95–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2009.07.011
Timsina TP (1988) Impact of effluent of Bansbari tannery on the general ecology of the area. M. Sc. Thesis, Central Dept. of Zoology, T.U. Kathmandu, Nepal
Tzitzikas EN, Vincken JP, DeGroot J, Gruppen H, Visser RGF (2006) Genetic variation in pea seed globulin composition. J Agric Food Chem 54:425–433. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0519008
Umbriet WW, Burris RH, Stauffer JF, Cohen PP, Johanse WJ, Lee PGA, Potter VR, Schneider WC (1959) Monometric technique, a manual description method, applicable to study of desiring metabolism. Burgess Publishing Company
US-EPA (2006) Environmental protection agency, national recommended of water quality criteria. Office of Water, Washington, DC
Wade TL, Brooks JM, Kennicutt MC, McDonald TJ, Sericano JL, Jackson TL (1993) Trace metals and organic contaminants analytical techniques 5. In: Lauenstein GG, Cantillo AY (eds) Sampling and analytical methods of the national status and trend program. National Benthic Surveillance and mussel watch projects 1984-1992, pp. 121-139. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS ORCA 71. Silver Spring
WHO (1996) Health criteria other supporting information. In guidelines for drinking water quality, Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Geneva, p 31–388
Yoon J, Cao X, Zhou Q, Ma LQ (2006) Accumulation of Pb, cu, and Zn in native plants growing on a contaminated Florida site. Sci Total Environ 368:456–464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.01.016
Zafar S, Ashraf MY, Ali Q, Ashraf A, Anwar S, Iqbal N, Kausar A, Nouman A, Ali M, Zafar MA, Feroz K (2016) Antioxidant sctivity and secondry metabolites in selected vegetables irrigated with sewage water. App Ecol Environ Res 14(5):35–48. https://doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1405_035048
Zeid IM, Abou El Ghate ND (2007) Effect of sewage water on growth, metabolism and yield of bean. J Bio-Sci 7:34–40. https://doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2007.34.40
Zhang P, Qin C, Hong X, Kang G, Qin M, Yang D, Pang B, Li Y, He J, Dick RP (2018) Risk assessment and source analysis of soil heavy metal pollution from lower reaches of Yellow River irrigation in China. Sci Total Environ 633:1136–1147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.228
Zhuo H, Fu S, Liu H, Song H, Ren L (2019) Soil heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment associated with development zones in Shandong, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:30016–30028. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05979-1
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Slima, D.F., Ahmed, D.A.EA. Trace Metals Accumulated in Pea Plant (Pisum sativum L.) as a Result of Irrigation with Wastewater. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 20, 2749–2760 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-020-00341-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-020-00341-8