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Effects of an Upstream Sluice Gate and Holes in Pooled Step Cascade Weirs on Energy Dissipation

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Abstract

Pooled step cascade weirs are hydraulic structures that are preferred over ordinary weirs due to their application on steep slopes and to their effectiveness in obtaining water aeration. However, these structures are subject to failure due to scour being initiated downstream, or to breakdown due to the high energy of impinging water. In this paper, an experiment was presented to study the effect of the number and ratio of holes in weirs to improve energy dissipation. To improve energy dissipation, cascade weirs with different configurations of openings were proposed. Furthermore, a sluice gate at the upstream of a cascade weir was proposed as a new technique to increase energy dissipation and reduce scour at downstream. Ten models of pooled step cascade weirs (nine models with different hole configurations and one with a sluice gate upstream), in addition to the ordinary weir, were constructed to investigate the effect of the sluice gate and holes on energy dissipation; the range of each type of flow (nappe, transition, and skimming); the relevant Froude number; and the ratio of water depth to critical depth over pooled step cascade weirs. To implement this, the ratio of holes to the area of the weir were between 0 and 21.22% and the number of holes used were one hole, two holes, and three holes. The results concluded that the best method to obtain maximum energy dissipation was putting a sluice gate at the upstream of a solid pooled step cascade up to a discharge of 2.0 l/s. The most effective ratio of holes to weir area was 7.15% at the minimum Froude number when the discharge exceeded 2.0 l/s. Moreover, the ratio of upstream water depth to critical depth decreased with increasing discharge. The nappe, transition, and skimming flow types were increased more on a pooled stepped cascade weir of 7 mm opening diameter with three holes (ratio of 7.15%) than the other models. The Froude number decreased as the hole numbers increased at high discharges for the pooled stepped cascade weir, especially with the hole diameter of 12 mm. Some empirical equations were established to represent the relation between the upstream head and discharge for each case.

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the faculty and staff of the Hydraulic Laboratory, Civil Engineering Department, University of Al-Qadisiyah, for their valuable help in repairing and maintaining the equipment used in this research. The authors would like also to thank Mustansiriyah University (www.uomustansiriyah.edu.iq), Baghdad, Iraq, for its support in the present work. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not for profit sectors. All equipment and materials used in this study were provided by authors and Mustansiriyah University.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Civil Engineering Department, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq

    Thulfikar Razzak Al-Husseini

  2. Department of Water Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, 10047, Iraq

    Huda T. Hamad & Abdul-Sahib T. Al-Madhhachi

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  1. Thulfikar Razzak Al-Husseini
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  2. Huda T. Hamad
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  3. Abdul-Sahib T. Al-Madhhachi
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Correspondence to Abdul-Sahib T. Al-Madhhachi.

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Al-Husseini, T.R., Hamad, H.T. & Al-Madhhachi, AS.T. Effects of an Upstream Sluice Gate and Holes in Pooled Step Cascade Weirs on Energy Dissipation. Int J Civ Eng 19, 103–114 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-020-00568-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-020-00568-7

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