Fabrication and evaluation of pH-sensitive biocompatible microwave irradiated moringa barkgum-carrageenan (MOG-CRG-IPN) interpenetrating isotropic polymeric network for controlled delivery of pharmaceuticals
Graphical abstract
Introduction
Stimuli sensitive interpenetrating polymeric network systems(IPNs) are gaining importance as efficient drug delivery device (Wells and Harris, 2019) as well as polymeric scaffolds. An interpenetrating polymer network is a system of more than one polymer where at least one polymer is crosslinked in the immediate presence of other polymer (Zhao, 2012), thereby retaining the individual characteristics of the polymers used in the process.Various natural polymers along with combinations of synthetic polymers are used for the preparation of IPN (Wells and Harris, 2019; Swain and Bal, 2019a). Moringa Bark Gum (MOG) obtained from the bark of Moringa oleifera is a reddish brown polysaccharide having very good swelling properties due to presence of numerous hydroxyl groups on the polymer backbone and consists of arabinose, galactose and glucoronic acid in the ratio of 10:7:2 (Panda et al., 2006), whereas Carrageenan (CRG), obtained from red sea weed is an important natural polysaccharide due to its thickening, emulsifying as well as thermo-reversible gelling properties having higher molecular weight with a curly-helical structure in which 3,6-anhydrogalactose and are attached with d-galactose by α-1,3 and β-1,4 glycoside linkage and through crosslinking a double helix structure can be formed due to the presence of sulfate group in the spiral chains of CRG (Swain and Bal, 2019a).The blend of CRG with MOG aided by microwave irradiation facilitates the crosslinks between MOG and CRG by virtue of hydrogen bond formation between sulfate groups of CRG and the hydroxyl groups of MOG thus forming a double helical structure by helic entanglement. Due to this formation of double helix within the crosslinked polymer blend, the swelling property of the MOG-CRG-IPN system is also enhanced which is an most important property for drug loading (Swain and Bal, 2019a). In the field of tissue engineering also, such IPN plays a significant role as scaffold which is already studied earlier (Swain and Bal, 2019b), for wound repair (Dhandayuthapani and YoshidaToruMaekawa, 2011), burn, accidents or severe trauma, where the tissue grows on the polymeric backbone leaving the site of injury without any scars.These materials as scaffolds can mimic the extracellular matrix, thereby provoking the cells to adapt to proliferation and differentiaton (Malafaya et al., 2007). The combination of CRG and MOG is unexplored and no where in literature this combination has been applied for drug delivery as well as polymeric tissue scaffolds.Thus the present combination is taken up for the study of controlled drug release. The rationale behind microwave irradiation process for the preparation of IPN is its quick cross-linking properties due to dipolar polarization with its instantaneous and hygienic characteristics.In our previous research, we have tested the novel IPN of CRG-GG as efficient drug delivery as well as polymeric scaffolds for tissue scaffolding synthesized using microwave irradiation (Tanan and Saengsuwan, 2014; Swain and Bal, 2019b). In the present research,the main objective is to develop a novel pH sensitive MOG-CRG-IPN system having the ability to maintain its structural integrity for a prolonged period which can be deliberately utilized as drug delivery system as well as polymeric scaffold.The pH sensitivity was detected by swelling studies at various pH range along with the determination of swelling kinetics.The presence of hydrophilic groups were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and 13C nuclear magnetic resonanace study (13C NMR) helped in confirmation of bond formation. Amorphous nature was confirmed by XRD. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to view internal architecture and surface morphology. Bactericidal tests and bacterial degradation studies were also conducted.Hemocompatibility studies were carried out to check the invitro biological compatibility.The drug release studies along with the relese kinetics at pH 7.4 were carried out to check the controlled release properties of the system.
Section snippets
Materials
Kappa Carrageenan was purchased from Sigma eldritch limited, St. Louis, USA. Crude Moringa bark gum (MOG) was collected from BIT Mesra, Ranchi campus from. The gum collected from injured tree bark was dried and passed through sieve 80 mesh and soaked in distilled water for 9 h and then gently heated with stirring till all the materials completely swelled and finally dissolved. The solution so formed was filtered through muslin cloth and concentrated to reduce in volume and the final filtrate
Swelling test and swelling kinetics
The swelling studies of formulation F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, F7, F8 and F9 were conducted in three different pH likely pH2, 7.4 and 9.2 and graph were plotted between %EDS vs. Time to understand swelling-ability for optimization of sample. It is clearly understood that initial swelling patterns of all the formulations are similar to each other, but better swelling occurs in those samples where hydrophilic groups are more,as these hydrophilic groups are dominating the hydrophobic groups
Conclusion
The present research mainly contributes to the development of a novel material combining two natural polysaccharides in the form of interpenetrating polymeric network with the aid of microwave irradiation and the grades were loaded with drug MTZ as model drug.The pH sensitivity of the all the grades in terms of swelling ability indicated that formulation F7 was optimized in all the pH conditions of pH 2, 7.4 & 9.2. The swelling kinetics of the F7 showed second order kinetics. The drug release
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Debjani Roy: Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Writing - original draft. Trishna Bal: Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Writing - original draft. Sabyasachi Swain: Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Writing - original draft.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgement
The authors deeply acknowledges Central Instrumentation Facility of Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi.
References (23)
- et al.
Swelling behavior of acrylic acid hydrogels prepared by γradiation crosslinking of polyacrylic acid in aqueous solution
Eur. Polym. J.
(2000) - et al.
Natural–origin polymers as carriers and scaffolds for biomolecules and cell delivery in tissue engineering applications
Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev.
(2007) - et al.
Microwave assisted synthesis of poly (acrylamide-co-2- hydroxyethyl methacrylate)/poly (vinyl alcohol) semi-IPN hydrogel
Energy Procedia
(2014) - et al.
Testing of polyvinyl alcohol and starch mixtures as biodegradable polymeric materials
Polym. Test.
(2000) A theory for large deformation and damage of interpenetratingpolymer networks
J. Mech. Phys. Solid.
(2012)- et al.
Microwave assisted synthesis of polyacrylamide grafted polymeric blend of fenugreek seed mucilage-Polyvinyl alcohol (FSM-PVA-g-PAM) and its characterizations as tissue engineered scaffold and as a drug delivery device
Daru
(2019) - et al.
Kinetic modelling drug release from controlled drug delivery systems
Acta Pol. Pharm.
(2010) - et al.
Sakthi kumar, polymeric scaffolds in tissue engineering application: a review
International Journal of Polymer Science
(2011) - et al.
Novel epoxy activated hydrogels for solving lactose intolerance
BioMed Res. Int.
(2014) - et al.
Synthesis of graft copolymer of kappa-carrageenan using microwave energy and studies of swelling capacity, occulation properties, and preliminary acute toxicity
Turk. J. Chem.
(2016)
Isolation and characterization of bionanofibers from moringa oleifera gum as a platform for drug delivery
Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Research
Cited by (12)
Evaluation of Opuntia-carrageenan superporous hydrogel (OPM-CRG SPH) as an effective biomaterial for drug release and tissue scaffold
2024, International Journal of Biological MacromoleculesDeveloping dietary fiber moringa gum based ciprofloxacin encapsulated hydrogel wound dressings for better wound care
2023, Food Hydrocolloids for HealthEvaluation of cashew gum-polyvinyl alcohol (CG-PVA) electrospun nanofiber mat for scarless wound healing in a murine model
2023, International Journal of Biological MacromoleculesEvaluating neem gum-polyvinyl alcohol (NGP-PVA) blend nanofiber mat as a novel platform for wound healing in murine model
2023, International Journal of Biological MacromoleculesCitation Excerpt :The sample mixed with KBr was loaded in the sample holder. Using FTIR spectroscopy % transmittance of the sample was recorded between 4000 and 400 cm−1 [18]. The thermal behavior of dried NGP, PVA, and NFM was determined using Thermogravimetry Analyzer DTG – 60 (Shimadzu, Japan).
Polysaccharide-based hydrogels
2023, Sustainable Hydrogels: Synthesis, Properties, and ApplicationsDevelopment of dietary fibers moringa-sterculia gum hydrogel for drug delivery applications
2022, Food Hydrocolloids for HealthCitation Excerpt :The MOG content in the network structure of MOG-carrageenan has modified the release profile of the drug. The polymeric network showed controlled release of metronidazole for more than 8 hours (Roy, Bal, & Swain, 2020). Both, galactose and rhamnose are the main units of the sterculia gum (SG) along with glucuronic-galacturonic acid residue (Vinod, Sashidhar, Sarma, & Raju, 2010).