Fabrication and evaluation of pH-sensitive biocompatible microwave irradiated moringa barkgum-carrageenan (MOG-CRG-IPN) interpenetrating isotropic polymeric network for controlled delivery of pharmaceuticals

doi:10.1016/j.scp.2020.100325

Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy

Volume 18, December 2020, 100325

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scp.2020.100325 Get rights and content

Highlights

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Isotropic interpenetrating polymeric network of Moringa Bark Gum (MOG)-carageenan(CRG) using microwave irradiation.
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The % swelling of F7 has maximum swelling at all pH of 2, 7.4 and 9.2 exhibiting second order swelling kinetics.
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Analytical characterizations of F7 with FTIR, 13C NMR, TGA, XRD indicated successful interpenetration between MOG and CRG.
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The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) of F7 revealed porous surfaces.
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The drug release properties of F7 conducted for 8 hours showed 88% release and exhibited hemocompatibility.

Abstract

In the present research, pH-sensitive interpenetrating polymeric network are prepared by interpenetration of two natural polysaccharides Moringa bark gum(MOG) and Carrageenan (CRG) by use of microwave irradiation as interpenetrating polymeric network (IPN) and characterized using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), x-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric studies (TGA) and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) and the surface topography, indepth pore size as well as the interior architecture of the material were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM).The contact angle measurement by optical contact angle (OCA) indicated that the increase in MOG content increased the water retention capacity thereby maintaining the structural integrity of the polymeric network. The pH sensitivity at pH 2,7.4 & 9.2 and swelling studies helped in optimizing the best grade F7.The swelling kinetics of F7 followed second order kinetics. The biodegradability studies were done using soil burial method.The drug release from F7 was found to 88.17% for 8 h interval. The material proved to be hemocompatible. These studies indicated that MOG-CRG-IPN (F7) can be effectively used as an efficient controlled delivery device and can be explored as biomaterial.

Graphical abstract

Introduction

Stimuli sensitive interpenetrating polymeric network systems(IPNs) are gaining importance as efficient drug delivery device (Wells and Harris, 2019) as well as polymeric scaffolds. An interpenetrating polymer network is a system of more than one polymer where at least one polymer is crosslinked in the immediate presence of other polymer (Zhao, 2012), thereby retaining the individual characteristics of the polymers used in the process.Various natural polymers along with combinations of synthetic polymers are used for the preparation of IPN (Wells and Harris, 2019; Swain and Bal, 2019a). Moringa Bark Gum (MOG) obtained from the bark of Moringa oleifera is a reddish brown polysaccharide having very good swelling properties due to presence of numerous hydroxyl groups on the polymer backbone and consists of arabinose, galactose and glucoronic acid in the ratio of 10:7:2 (Panda et al., 2006), whereas Carrageenan (CRG), obtained from red sea weed is an important natural polysaccharide due to its thickening, emulsifying as well as thermo-reversible gelling properties having higher molecular weight with a curly-helical structure in which 3,6-anhydrogalactose and are attached with d-galactose by α-1,3 and β-1,4 glycoside linkage and through crosslinking a double helix structure can be formed due to the presence of sulfate group in the spiral chains of CRG (Swain and Bal, 2019a).The blend of CRG with MOG aided by microwave irradiation facilitates the crosslinks between MOG and CRG by virtue of hydrogen bond formation between sulfate groups of CRG and the hydroxyl groups of MOG thus forming a double helical structure by helic entanglement. Due to this formation of double helix within the crosslinked polymer blend, the swelling property of the MOG-CRG-IPN system is also enhanced which is an most important property for drug loading (Swain and Bal, 2019a). In the field of tissue engineering also, such IPN plays a significant role as scaffold which is already studied earlier (Swain and Bal, 2019b), for wound repair (Dhandayuthapani and YoshidaToruMaekawa, 2011), burn, accidents or severe trauma, where the tissue grows on the polymeric backbone leaving the site of injury without any scars.These materials as scaffolds can mimic the extracellular matrix, thereby provoking the cells to adapt to proliferation and differentiaton (Malafaya et al., 2007). The combination of CRG and MOG is unexplored and no where in literature this combination has been applied for drug delivery as well as polymeric tissue scaffolds.Thus the present combination is taken up for the study of controlled drug release. The rationale behind microwave irradiation process for the preparation of IPN is its quick cross-linking properties due to dipolar polarization with its instantaneous and hygienic characteristics.In our previous research, we have tested the novel IPN of CRG-GG as efficient drug delivery as well as polymeric scaffolds for tissue scaffolding synthesized using microwave irradiation (Tanan and Saengsuwan, 2014; Swain and Bal, 2019b). In the present research,the main objective is to develop a novel pH sensitive MOG-CRG-IPN system having the ability to maintain its structural integrity for a prolonged period which can be deliberately utilized as drug delivery system as well as polymeric scaffold.The pH sensitivity was detected by swelling studies at various pH range along with the determination of swelling kinetics.The presence of hydrophilic groups were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and 13C nuclear magnetic resonanace study (13C NMR) helped in confirmation of bond formation. Amorphous nature was confirmed by XRD. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to view internal architecture and surface morphology. Bactericidal tests and bacterial degradation studies were also conducted.Hemocompatibility studies were carried out to check the invitro biological compatibility.The drug release studies along with the relese kinetics at pH 7.4 were carried out to check the controlled release properties of the system.

Section snippets

Materials

Kappa Carrageenan was purchased from Sigma eldritch limited, St. Louis, USA. Crude Moringa bark gum (MOG) was collected from BIT Mesra, Ranchi campus from. The gum collected from injured tree bark was dried and passed through sieve 80 mesh and soaked in distilled water for 9 h and then gently heated with stirring till all the materials completely swelled and finally dissolved. The solution so formed was filtered through muslin cloth and concentrated to reduce in volume and the final filtrate

Swelling test and swelling kinetics

The swelling studies of formulation F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, F7, F8 and F9 were conducted in three different pH likely pH2, 7.4 and 9.2 and graph were plotted between %EDS vs. Time to understand swelling-ability for optimization of sample. It is clearly understood that initial swelling patterns of all the formulations are similar to each other, but better swelling occurs in those samples where hydrophilic groups are more,as these hydrophilic groups are dominating the hydrophobic groups

Conclusion

The present research mainly contributes to the development of a novel material combining two natural polysaccharides in the form of interpenetrating polymeric network with the aid of microwave irradiation and the grades were loaded with drug MTZ as model drug.The pH sensitivity of the all the grades in terms of swelling ability indicated that formulation F7 was optimized in all the pH conditions of pH 2, 7.4 & 9.2. The swelling kinetics of the F7 showed second order kinetics. The drug release

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Debjani Roy: Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Writing - original draft. Trishna Bal: Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Writing - original draft. Sabyasachi Swain: Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Writing - original draft.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgement

The authors deeply acknowledges Central Instrumentation Facility of Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi.

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Fabrication and evaluation of pH-sensitive biocompatible microwave irradiated moringa barkgum-carrageenan (MOG-CRG-IPN) interpenetrating isotropic polymeric network for controlled delivery of pharmaceuticals

Highlights

Abstract

Graphical abstract

Introduction

Section snippets

Materials

Swelling test and swelling kinetics

Conclusion

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Declaration of competing interest

Acknowledgement

Eur. Polym. J.

Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev.

Energy Procedia

Polym. Test.

J. Mech. Phys. Solid.

Microwave assisted synthesis of polyacrylamide grafted polymeric blend of fenugreek seed mucilage-Polyvinyl alcohol (FSM-PVA-g-PAM) and its characterizations as tissue engineered scaffold and as a drug delivery device

Daru

Kinetic modelling drug release from controlled drug delivery systems

Acta Pol. Pharm.

Sakthi kumar, polymeric scaffolds in tissue engineering application: a review

International Journal of Polymer Science

Novel epoxy activated hydrogels for solving lactose intolerance

BioMed Res. Int.

Synthesis of graft copolymer of kappa-carrageenan using microwave energy and studies of swelling capacity, occulation properties, and preliminary acute toxicity

Turk. J. Chem.

Isolation and characterization of bionanofibers from moringa oleifera gum as a platform for drug delivery

Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Research