Abstract
The present study demonstrates an effective alkaline protocol for the extraction of quality hemicellulose using NaOH and NH4OH combination from sugarcane bagasse for the production of xylooligosaacharides (XOs). For achieving maximum recovery of hemicellulose, the statistical optimization technique was adapted, while considering alkali concentration and temperature, as important process parameters, for all of the alkaline tested protocols like individual or mixed alkalis. The comparative study exposed that mixed alkalis promoted higher recovery of hemicellulose (68% wt xylose), which is relatively higher (up to 1.3-times) than the individual alkali protocols, such that it contained predominantly the xylose (xyl/ara ratio was 3.94) in the form of xylan. In perception, the synergistic action of different alkalis (weak and strong bases) have strongly influenced the selective cleavage of lignin-carbohydrate linkages, thereby enabling the higher release of hemicellulose under the modest reaction conditions (10% alkali conc. and 120 °C). Moreover, the analytical characterization witnessed that it is composed of majorly xylose with less or no undesired residual biomass constituents, including lignin. Upon evaluating the resultant hemicelluloses for XOs production via acidic hydrolysis, the hemicellulose obtained through the mixed alkalis protocol exhibited exceptional, resulting in ~ 13% wt XOs yield with a high degree of polymerization (2–4 units); it is relatively ~ 2.8-times higher than the result of other hemicelluloses. In addition, the formation of gaseous ammonia during the reaction of the mixed alkalis could potentially contribute to the reduction of overall processing cost through recovery and reuse strategy during the large-scale XOs production.
Graphic Abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Betancur, G.J.V., Pereira, N.J.: Sugarcane bagasse as feedstock for second generation ethanol production. Part 1: diluted acid pretreatment optimization. Electron. J. Biotechn. 13, 1–9 (2010)
Peng, F., Ren, J.L., Xu, F., Bian, J., Peng, P., Sun, R.C.: Fractional studies of alkali soluble hemicelluloses obtained by graded ethanol precipitation from sugar cane bagasse. J. Agric. Food Chem. 58(3), 1768–1776 (2010)
Pandey, A., Soccol, C.R., Nigam, P., Soccol, V.T.: Biotechnological potential of agro industrial residues: I. Sugarcane bagasse. Bioresour. Technol. 74(1), 69–80 (2000)
Takkellapati, S., Li, T., Gonzalez, M.A.: An overview of biorefinery-derived platform chemicals from a cellulose and hemicellulose biorefinery. Clean Technol. Environ. 20, 1615–1630 (2018)
Wyman, C.E., Dale, B.E., Elander, R.T., Holtzapple, M., Ladisch, M.R., Lee, Y.Y.: Coordinated development of leading biomass pretreatment technologies. Bioresour. Technol. 96(18), 1959–1966 (2005)
Huang, C., Wang, X., Liang, C., Jiang, X., Yang, G., Xu, J., Yong, Q.: A sustainable process for procuring biologically active fractions of high-purity xylooligosaccharides and water-soluble lignin from Moso bamboo prehydrolyzate. Biotechnol. Biofuels 12, 189 (2019)
Moura, A., Gullon, P., Dominia, H., Parajo, J.C.: Advances in the manufacturer, purification and application of xylo-oligosaccharides as food additives and nutraceuticals. Process Biochem. 41(9), 1913–1923 (2006)
Terrett, O.M., Dupree, P.: Covalent interactions between lignin and hemicelluloses in plant secondary cell walls. Curr. Opin. Biotech. 56, 97–104 (2019)
Xiao, B., Sun, X., Sun, R.: Chemical, structural, and thermal characterizations of alkali-soluble lignins and hemicelluloses, and cellulose from maize stems, rye straw, and rice straw. Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 74(2), 307–319 (2001)
Peng, F., Ren, J.L., Xu, F., Bian, J., Peng, P., Sun, R.C.: Comparative study of hemicelluloses obtained by graded ethanol precipitation from sugarcane bagasse. J. Agric. Food Chem. 57(14), 6305–6317 (2009)
Bian, J., Peng, F., Peng, X., Xu, F., Sun, R., Kennedy, J.F.: Isolation of hemicelluloses from sugarcane bagasse at different temperatures: Structure and properties. Carbohydr. Polym. 88(2), 638–645 (2012)
Harun, R., Jason, W.S.Y., Cherrington, T., Danquah, M.K.: Exploring alkaline pre-treatment of microalgal biomass for bioethanol production. Appl. Energy 88(10), 3464–3467 (2011)
Qing, Q., Li, H., Kumar, R.,Wyman, C.E.,: Xylooligosaccharides production, quantification, and characterization in context of lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment. Aqueous pretreatment of plant biomass for biological and chemical conversion to fuels and chemicals. pp. 391–415 (2013)
Luo, Q., Peng, H., Zhou, M., Lin, D., Ruan, R., Wan, Y., Zhang, J., Liu, Y.: Alkali extraction and physicochemical characterization of hemicelluloses from young bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel). BioResources 7(4), 5817–5828 (2012)
Gunawan, C., Xue, S., Pattathil, S., Sousa, L.C., Dale, B.E., Balan, V.: Comprehensive characterization of non-cellulosic recalcitrant cell wall carbohydrates in unhydrolyzed solids from AFEX-pretreated corn stover. Biotechnol. Biofuels 10, 82 (2017)
da Costa Sousa, L., Jin, M., Chundawat, S.P., Bokade, V., Tang, X., Azarpira, A., Lu, F., Avci, U., Humpula, J., Uppugundla, N., Gunawan, C., Pattathil, S., Cheh, A.M., Kothari, N., Kumar, R., Ralph, J., Hahn, M.G., Wyman, C.E., Singh, S., Simmons, B.A., Dale, B.E., Balan, V.: Next-generation ammonia pretreatment enhances cellulosic biofuel production. Energy Environ. Sci 9(4), 1215–1223 (2016)
Avci, U., Zhou, X., Pattathil, S., Leonardo, S.D., Hahn, M.G., Dale, B., Xu, Y., Balan, V.: Effects of extractive ammonia pretreatment on the ultrastructure and glycan composition of corn stover. Front. Energy Res. 7, 85 (2019)
Li, B.Z., Balan, V., Yuan, Y.J., Dale, B.E.: Process optimization to convert forage and sweet sorghum bagasse to ethanol based on ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) pretreatment. Bioresour. Technol. 101(4), 1285–1292 (2010)
Wang, Y., Cao, X., Zhang, R., Xiao, L., Yuan, T., Shi, Q., Sun, R.: Evaluation of xylooligosaccharide production from residual hemicelluloses of dissolving pulp by acid and enzymatic hydrolysis. RSC Adv. 8(61), 35211–35217 (2018)
Sluiter, J.B., Ruiz, R.O., Scarlata, C.J., Sluiter, A.D., Templeton, D.W.: Compositional analysis of lignocellulosic feedstocks. 1. Review and description of methods. J. Agric. Food Chem. 58(16), 9043–9053 (2010)
Modenbach, A.A., Nokes, S.E.: The use of high-solids loadings in biomass pretreatment—a review. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 109(6), 1430–1442 (2012)
Kundu, P., Kumar, S., Ahluwalia, V., Kansal, S.K., Elumalai, S.: Extraction of arabinoxylan from corncob through modified alkaline method to improve xylooligosaccharides synthesis. Bioresour. Technol. Rep. 3, 51–58 (2018)
Elumalai, S., Roa-Espinosa, A., Markley, J.L., Runge, T.M.: Combined sodium hydroxide and ammonium hydroxide pretreatment of post-biogas digestion dairy manure fiber for cost effective cellulosic bioethanol production. Sustain. Chem. Process 2, 12 (2014)
Kacurakova, M., Belton, P.S., Wilson, R.H., Hirsch, J., Ebringerova, A.: Hydration properties of xylan-type structures: and FTIR study of xylooligosaccharides. J. Sci. Food Agric. 77(1), 38–44 (1998)
Gupta, S., Madan, R.N., Bansal, M.C.: Chemical composition of Pinus caribaea hemicellulose. Tappi J. 70, 113–114 (1987)
Sun, R., Fang, J.M., Goodwin, A., Lawther, J.M., Bolton, A.J.: Isolation and characterization of polysaccharides from Abaca Fibre. J. Agric. Food Chem. 46(7), 2817–2822 (1998)
Cagnon, B., Py, X., Guillot, A., Stoeckli, F., Chambet, G.: Contribution of hemicellulose, celuulose and lignin to mass and porous properties of chars and steam activated carbons from various lignocellulosic precursors. Bioresour. Technol. 100(1), 292–298 (2009)
Burhenne, L., Messmer, J., Aicher, T., Laborie, M.: The effect of the biomass components lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose on TGA and fixed bed pyrolysis. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 101, 177–184 (2013)
Yang, H., Yan, R., Chen, H., Lee, D.H., Zheng, C.: Characteristics of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin pyrolysis. Fuel 86(12–13), 1781–1788 (2007)
Hoije, A., Sternemalm, E., Heikkinen, S., Tenkanen, M., Gatenholm, P.: Material properties of films from enzymatically tailored arabinoxylans. Biomacromol 9(7), 2042–2047 (2008)
Cleemput, C., Laere, K.V., Hessing, M., Leuven, F.V., Torrekens, S., Delcour, J.A.: ldentification and characterization of a novel arabinoxylanase from wheat flour. Plant Physiol. 115(4), 1619–1627 (1997)
Michelin, M., Ruiz, H.A., de Lourdes, T.M.M., Teixeira, J.A.: Multi-step approach to add value to corncob: production of biomass-degrading enzymes, lignin and fermentable sugars. Bioresour. Technol. 247, 582–590 (2018)
Wang, T., Li, C., Song, M., Fan, R.: Xylo-oligosaccharides preparation through acid hydrolysis of hemicelluloses isolated from press-lye. Grain Oil Sci. Technol. 2(3), 73–77 (2019)
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully thank the Department of Biotechnology (DBT, Govt. of India), New Delhi, for their consistent financial support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they don’t have any conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kundu, P., Kansal, S.K. & Elumalai, S. Synergistic Action of Alkalis Improve the Quality Hemicellulose Extraction from Sugarcane Bagasse for the Production of Xylooligosaccharides. Waste Biomass Valor 12, 3147–3159 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-020-01235-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-020-01235-7