Abstract
In the production of concrete from cement powder and water, setting behavior of the slurry is determined by the formation of ettringite (Ca6Al2(OH)12 · (SO4)3 · 26 H2O) from tricalcium aluminate (Ca9Al6O18, abbreviated C3A) and gypsum (CaSO4 · 2 H2O). Due to the high reaction potential of cement and water, premature hydration can occur after unintentional exposure to moisture. Model binary mixtures of C3A and gypsum stored at 90% relative humidity and 35 °C produced ample amounts of ettringite, which subsequently reacted with atmospheric CO2 to CaCO3, Al(OH)3 and gypsum. Investigated were the two main polymorphs of tricalcium aluminate encountered in cement, pure, cubic C3A and orthorhombic C3A in which calcium is partially substituted by sodium or potassium. Alkali substituted C3A converted to ettringite faster and more completely than pure C3A. Ettringite from prehydration caused a seeding effect, which promotes crystal growth and accelerates bulk hydration of the C3A/gypsum mixtures. Set retarders commonly applied in cement were dissolved in the mixing water prior to hydration to investigate their ability to counteract this acceleration. Sodium gluconate merely delayed the crystal growth but does not prolong the hydration process overall. Potassium pyrophosphate retarded much more effectively by suppressing the seeding effect via removal of calcium ions from the hydration reaction.
Funding source: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft 10.1002/9783527809738
Award Identifier / Grant number: PL–472/9–2
Award Identifier / Grant number: 224813219
Author contribution: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
Research funding: The authors are most grateful to Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Bonn, Germany (DFG) for financing this project under the grant PL–472/9–2 “Influence of aging of binder systems on the performance of additives”.
Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.
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