1932

Abstract

Life change affects health. Research aimed at understanding the consequences of life change has primarily focused on the important roles played by stress, social support, individual differences, and broader socioeconomic factors in shaping health outcomes, most notably mental health decline. In this review we extend these accounts by exploring social identity–based determinants of adjustment to life change. We do so by drawing on social identity theorizing and, in particular, the Social Identity Model of Identity Change (SIMIC). This points to the importance of multiple, maintained, new, and compatible group memberships as determinants of people's responses and adjustment to life change. We apply this model to understand the health consequences of adjustment to life change in four diverse areas: pursuit of higher education, migration, trauma and resilience, and recovery from illness and injury. Finally, we provide direction for future research on SIMIC and the health consequences of life change.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-psych-060120-111721
2021-01-04
2024-03-29
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/psych/72/1/annurev-psych-060120-111721.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-psych-060120-111721&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Adams S, Pill R, Jones A 1997. Medication, chronic illness and identity: the perspective of people with asthma. Soc. Sci. Med. 45:189–201
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Alegría M, Álvarez K, DiMarzio K 2017. Immigration and mental health. Curr. Epidemiol. Rep. 4:145–55
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Ashcroft R, Bevir M. 2016. Pluralism, national identity and citizenship: Britain after Brexit. Political Q 87:355–59
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Bathish R, Best D, Savic M, Beckwith M, Mackenzie J, Lubman DI 2017. “Is it me or should my friends take the credit?”: The role of social networks and social identity in recovery from addiction. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 47:35–46
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Baum A, Garofalo JP, Yali AM 1999. Socioeconomic status and chronic stress: Does stress account for SES effects on health. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 896:131–44
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Bécares L, Shaw R, Nazroo J, Stafford M, Albor C et al. 2012. Ethnic density effects on physical morbidity, mortality, and health behaviors: a systematic review of the literature. Am. J. Public Health 102:e33–66
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Bentley SV, Greenaway K, Haslam SA, Cruwys T, Steffens NK et al. 2020. Social identity mapping online. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 118:213–41
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Best D, Beckwith M, Haslam C, Haslam SA, Jetten J et al. 2016. Overcoming alcohol and other drug addiction as a process of social identity transition: the Social Identity Model Of Recovery (SIMOR). Addict. Res. Theory 24:111–23
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Biggs A, Brough P, Drummong S 2017. Lazarus and Folkman's psychological stress and coping theory. The Handbook of Stress and Health: A Guide to Research and Practice CL Cooper, JC Quick 349–64 Chichester, UK: Wiley
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Bombay A, Matheson K, Anisman H 2011. The impact of stressors on second generation Indian Residential School survivors. Transcult. Psychiatry 48:367–91
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Bombay A, Matheson K, Anisman H 2014a. Appraisals of discriminatory events among adult offspring of Indian Residential School survivors: the influence of identity centrality and past perceptions of discrimination. Cult. Divers. Ethnic Minor. Psychol. 20:75–86
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Bombay A, Matheson K, Anisman H 2014b. Intergenerational effects of Indian Residential Schools: implications for the concept of historical trauma. Transcult. Psychiatry 51:320–38
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Bombay A, Matheson K, Anisman H 2017. Perspectives on intergenerational transmission of trauma: the case of Aboriginal peoples in Canada. Social Issues in Living Color: Challenges and Solutions from the Perspective of Ethnic Minority Psychology, Vol. 3: Promoting Health and Well-Being TV Cooper, M Skewes, KB Schmaling, AW Blume 171–96 Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Buckingham SA, Frings D, Albery IP 2013. Group membership and social identity in addiction recovery. Psychol. Addict. Behav. 27:1132–40
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Burton E, Stice E, Seeley JR 2004. A prospective test of the stress-buffering model of depression in adolescent girls: no support once again. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 72:689–97
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Cantor‐Graae E, Selten JP. 2005. Schizophrenia and migration: a meta‐analysis and review. Am. J. Psychiatry 162:12–24
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Carleton RN, Mulvogue MK, Thibodeau MA, McCabe RE, Antony MM, Asmundson GJ 2012. Increasingly certain about uncertainty: intolerance of uncertainty across anxiety and depression. J. Anxiety Disord. 26:468–79
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Carstensen LL, Charles ST, Isaacowitz DM, Kennedy Q 2003. Emotion and life span development. Handbook of Affective Sciences RJ Davidson, KR Scherer, HH Goldsmith 726–44 New York: Oxford Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Chandler MJ, Lalonde CE. 1998. Cultural continuity as a hedge against suicide in Canada's First Nations. Transl. Psychiatry 35:191–219
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Chandler MJ, Lalonde CE. 2008. Cultural continuity as a protective factor against suicide in First Nations youth. Horizons 10:68–72
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Chen E, Langer DA, Raphaelson YE, Matthews KA 2004. Socioeconomic status and health in adolescents: the role of stress interpretations. Child Dev 75:1039–52
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Cohen S. 2004. Social relationships and health. Am. Psychol. 59:676–84
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Cohen S, Wills TA. 1985. Stress social support and the buffering hypothesis. Psychol. Bull. 98:310–57
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Cruwys T, Bevelander KE, Hermans RCJ 2015. Social modeling of eating: a review of when and why social influence affects food intake and choice. Appetite 86:3–18
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Cruwys T, Dingle GA, Haslam C, Haslam SA, Jetten J, Morton T 2013. Social group memberships protect against future depression, alleviate depression symptoms and prevent depression relapse. Soc. Sci. Med. 98:179–86
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Cruwys T, Haslam C, Steffens NK, Haslam SA, Fong P, Lam BCP 2019a. Friendships that money can buy: Financial security protects health in retirement by enabling social connectedness. BMC Geriatr 19:319
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Cruwys T, Haslam C, Walter ZC, Rathbone J, Williams E 2019b. The Connecting Adolescents to Reduce Relapse (CARR) trial: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial comparing the efficacy of Groups 4 Health and cognitive behaviour therapy in young people. BMC Public Health 19:78
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Cruwys T, Haslam SA, Dingle GA, Haslam C, Jetten J 2014. Depression and social identity: an integrative review. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Rev. 18:215–38
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Cruwys T, Ng NWK, Haslam SA, Haslam C 2020. Identity continuity protects international student academic performance, retention, and life satisfaction: a longitudinal examination of the Social Identity Model of Identity Change. Appl. Psychol. In press. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12254
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  30. Cruwys T, Steffens NK, Haslam SA, Haslam C, Jetten J, Dingle G 2016. Social Identity Mapping (SIM): a procedure for visual representation and assessment of subjective group memberships. Br. J Soc. Psychol. 55:613–42
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Cutrona CE, Russell DW. 1990. Type of social support and specific stress: toward a theory of optimal matching. Social Support: An Interactional View BR Sarason, IG Sarason, GR Pierce 319–66 New York: Wiley
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Dingle GA, Cruwys T, Frings D 2015a. Social identities as pathways into and out of addiction. Front. Psychol. 6:1795
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Dingle GA, Haslam C, Best D, Chan G, Staiger PK et al. 2019. Social identity differentiation predicts commitment to sobriety and wellbeing in residents of therapeutic communities. Soc. Sci. Med. 237:112459
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Dingle GA, Stark C, Cruwys T, Best D 2015b. Breaking good: Breaking ties with social groups may be good for recovery from substance misuse. Br. J. Soc. Psychol. 54:236–54
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Douglas JM. 2013. Conceptualizing self and maintaining social connection following severe traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 27:60–74
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Drury J. 2012. Collective resilience in mass emergencies and disasters. See Jetten et al. 2012 195–215
  37. Drury J, Brown R, González R, Miranda D 2016. Emergent social identity and observing social support predict social support provided by survivors in a disaster: solidarity in the 2010 Chile earthquake. Eur. J. Soc. Psychol. 46:209–23
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Drury J, Carter H, Cocking C, Ntontis E, Given ST, Amlôt R 2019. Facilitating collective psychological resilience in the public in emergencies: twelve recommendations based on a social identity approach. Front. Public Health 7:141
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Drury J, Cocking C, Reicher SD 2009. The nature of collective resilience: survivor reactions to the 2005 London bombings. Int. J. Mass Emerg. Disast. 27:66–95
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Ellemers N. 2014. Women at work: how organizational features impact career development. Policy Insights Behav. Brain Sci. 1:46–54
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Ethier KA, Deaux K. 1994. Negotiating social identity when contexts change: maintaining identification and responding to threat. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 67:243–51
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Fearon P, Kirkbride JB, Morgan C, Dazzan P, Morgan K et al. 2006. Incidence of schizophrenia and other psychoses in ethnic minority groups: results from the MRC AESOP Study. Psychol. Med. 36:1541–50
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Folkman S. 2008. The case for positive emotions in the stress process. Anxiety Stress Coping 21:3–14
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Folkman S, Moskowitz JT. 2004. Coping: pitfalls and promise. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 55:745–74
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Fournier S, Crey E. 1997. Stolen from Our Embrace: The Abduction of First Nations Children and the Restoration of Aboriginal Communities Vancouver, Can: Douglas & McIntyre
  46. Frings D, Albery IP. 2015. The social identity model of cessation maintenance: formulation and initial evidence. Addict. Behav. 44:35–42
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Frisch JU, Häusser JA, Van Dick R, Modzisch A 2014. Making support work: experimental manipulation of social support and social identity in the Trier Stress Test. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 105:154–61
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Gallo LC, Matthews KA. 2003. Understanding the association between socioeconomic status and physical health: Do negative emotions play a role. Psychol. Bull. 129:10–51
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Glasscock DJ, Andersen JH, Labriola M, Rasmussen K, Hansen CD 2013. Can negative life events and coping style help explain socioeconomic differences in perceived stress among adolescents? A cross-sectional study based on the West Jutland cohort study. BMC Public Health 13:532
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Gracey F, Ownsworth T. 2012. The experience of self in the world: the personal and social contexts of social identity change in brain injury. See Jetten et al. 2012 273–95
  51. Greenaway KH, Haslam SA, Bingley WJ 2019. Are “they” out to get me? A social identity model of paranoia. Group Process. Intergr. Relat. 22:984–1001
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Greenaway KH, Haslam SA, Branscombe NR, Cruwys T, Ysseldyk R, Heldreth C 2015. From “we” to “me”: Group identification enhances perceived personal control with consequences for health and well-being. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 109:53–74
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Haslam C, Cruwys T, Chang M, Bentley SV, Haslam SA et al. 2019a. Groups 4 Health reduces loneliness and social anxiety in adults with psychological distress: findings from a randomized controlled trial. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 87:787–801
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Haslam C, Cruwys T, Haslam SA 2014. “The we's have it”: evidence for the distinctive benefits of group engagement in enhancing cognitive health in ageing. Soc. Sci. Med. 120:57–66
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Haslam C, Cruwys T, Haslam SA, Dingle GA, Chang MX-L 2016. Groups 4 Health: evidence that a social-identity intervention that builds and strengthens social group membership improves health. J. Affect. Disord. 194:188–95
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Haslam C, Holme A, Haslam SA, Iyer A, Jetten J, Williams WH 2008. Maintaining group membership: identity continuity and well-being after stroke Neuropsychol. . Rehabil 18:671–91
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Haslam C, Jetten J, Cruwy T, Dingle GA, Haslam SA 2018a. The New Psychology of Health: Unlocking the Social Cure London: Routledge
  58. Haslam C, Lam BCP, Branscombe NR, Steffens K, Haslam SA et al. 2018b. Adjusting to life in retirement: the protective role of membership and identification with new groups. Eur. J. Work Organ. Psychol. 27:822–39
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Haslam C, Steffens NK, Branscombe NR, Haslam SA, Cruwys T et al. 2019b. The importance of social groups for retirement adjustment: evidence, application, and policy implications of the Social Identity Model of Identity Change. Soc. Issues Policy Rev. 13:93–124
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Haslam SA, Jetten J, O'Brien A, Jacobs E 2004. Social identity, social influence, and reactions to potentially stressful tasks: support for the self-categorization model of stress. Stress Health 20:3–9
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Haslam SA, Jetten J, Postmes T, Haslam C 2009. Social identity, health and well-being: an emerging agenda for applied psychology. Appl. Psychol. 58:1–23
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Haslam SA, Reicher SD, Levine M 2012. When other people are heaven, when other people are hell: how social identity determines the nature and impact of social support. See Jetten et al. 2012 157–74
  63. Headey B, Wearing A. 1989. Personality, life events, and subjective well-being: toward a dynamic equilibrium model. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 57:731–39
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Heeren M, Mueller J, Ehlert U, Schnyder U, Copiery N, Maier T 2012. Mental health of asylum seekers: a cross-sectional study of psychiatric disorders. BMC Psychiatry 12:114
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Helgeson VS, Zajdel M. 2017. Adjusting to chronic health conditions. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 68:545–71
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Hogan PA, Reynolds KJ, Latz I, O'Brien L 2015. Stigma and its consequences for social identity. Hearing Impairment and Hearing Disability: Towards a Paradigm Change in Hearing Services PA Hogan, R Phillips 33–48 Dorchester, UK: Ashgate
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Holmes TH, Rahe RH. 1967. The social readjustment rating scale. J. Psychosom. Res. 11:213–18
    [Google Scholar]
  68. House JS, Kahn RL. 1985. Measures and concepts of social support. Social Support and Health S Cohen SL Syme 83–108 New York: Academic
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Iyer A, Jetten J, Tsivrikos D, Postmes T, Haslam SA 2009. The more (and the more compatible) the merrier: multiple group memberships and identity compatibility as predictors of adjustment after life transitions. Br. J. Soc. Psychol. 48:707–33
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Jetten J, Bentley SV, Crimston CR, Selvanathan H, Haslam C et al. 2020. How COVID-19 affects our social world Work. Pap., Univ. Queensland Brisbane: Aust .
  71. Jetten J, Haslam C, Haslam SA 2012. The Social Cure: Identity, Health and Well-Being London: Psychol. Press
  72. Jetten J, Haslam C, Haslam SA, Dingle G, Jones J 2014. How groups affect our health and well-being: the path from theory to policy. Soc. Issues Policy Rev. 8:103–30
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Jetten J, Haslam C, Pugliese C, Tonks J, Haslam SA 2010. Declining autobiographical memory and the loss of identity: effects on well-being. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 32:408–16
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Jetten J, Haslam SA, Barlow FK 2013. Bringing back the system: One reason why conservatives are happier than liberals is that higher socioeconomic status gives them access to more group memberships. Soc. Psychol. Pers. Sci. 4:6–13
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Jetten J, Haslam SA, Cruwys T, Greenaway KH, Haslam C, Steffens NK 2017. Advancing the social identity approach to health: developing the social cure research agenda. Eur. J. Soc. Psychol. 47:789–802
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Jetten J, Haslam SA, Iyer A, Haslam C 2009. Turning to others in times of change: social identity and coping with stress. The Psychology of Prosocial Behavior: Group Processes, Intergroup Relations, and Helping S Stürmer, M Snyder 139–56 Oxford, UK: Blackwell
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Jones JM, Haslam SA, Jetten J, Williams WH, Morris R, Saroyan S 2011. That which doesn't kill us can make us stronger (and more satisfied with life): the contribution of personal and social changes to well-being after acquired brain injury. Psychol. Health 26:353–69
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Kawachi I, Berkman LF. 2001. Social ties and mental health. J. Urban Health 78:458–67
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Kellezi B, Reicher S. 2012. Social cure or social curse? The psychological impact of extreme events during the Kosovo conflict. See Jetten et al. 2012 217–33
  80. Kellezi B, Reicher S, Cassidy C 2009. Surviving the Kosovo Conflict: a study of social identity, appraisal of extreme events, and mental well-being. Appl. Psychol. Int. Rev. 58:59–83
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Kessler RC. 1997. The effects of stressful life events on depression. Ann. Rev. Psychol. 48:191–214
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Kinsella EL, Muldoon OT, Fortune DG, Haslam C 2018. Collective influences on individual functioning: multiple group memberships, self-regulation, and depression after acquired brain injury. Neuropsychol. Rehabil. 29:1–15
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Kling KC, Ryff CD, Love G, Essex M 2003. Exploring the influence of personality on depressive symptoms and self-esteem across a significant life transition. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 85:922–32
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Kyprianides A, Easterbrook MJ, Cruwys T 2019. “I changed and hid my old ways”: how social rejection and social identities shape well‐being among ex‐prisoners. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 49:283–94
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Lantz PM, House JS, Mero RP, Williams DR 2005. Stress, life events, and socioeconomic disparities in health: results from the Americans’ Changing Lives study. J. Health Soc. Behav. 46:274–88
    [Google Scholar]
  86. Lazarus RS, Folkman S. 1984. Stress, Appraisal and Coping New York: Springer
  87. Levine RM, Reicher SD. 1996. Making sense of symptoms: self-categorization and the meaning of illness and injury. Br. J. Soc. Psychol. 35:245–56
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Lewin K. 1952. Field Theory in Social Science: Selected Theoretical Papers London: Tavistock:
  89. Linley PA, Joseph S. 2004. Positive change following trauma and adversity: a review. J. Trauma. Stress 17:11–21
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Litt MD, Kadden RM, Tennen H, Kabela-Cormier E 2016. Network Support II: randomized controlled trial of network support treatment and cognitive behavioral therapy for alcohol use disorder. Drug Alcohol Depen 165:203–12
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Löckenhoff CE, Terracciano A, Patriciou NS, Eaton WW, Costa PT 2009. Self-reported extremely adverse life events and longitudinal changes in five-factor model personality traits in an urban sample. J. Trauma. Stress 22:53–59
    [Google Scholar]
  92. Magnus K, Diener E, Fujita F, Pavot P 1993. Extroversion and neuroticism as predictors of objective life events: a longitudinal analysis. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 65:1046–53
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Manners I. 2018. Political psychology of European integration: the (re)production of identity and difference in the Brexit debate. Political Psychol 39:1213–32
    [Google Scholar]
  94. Manstead AS. 2018. The psychology of social class: how socioeconomic status impacts thought, feelings, and behaviour. Br. J Soc. Psychol. 57:267–91
    [Google Scholar]
  95. Marmot M. 2015. The Health Gap: The Challenge of an Unequal World London: Bloomsbury
  96. McAdams DP, Olson BD. 2010. Personality development: continuity and change over the life course. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 61:517–42
    [Google Scholar]
  97. McIntyre JC, Elahi A, Bentall RP 2016. Social identity and psychosis: explaining elevated rates of psychosis in migrant populations. Soc. Pers. Psychol. Compass 10:619–33
    [Google Scholar]
  98. McIntyre JC, Wickham S, Barr B, Bentall RP 2018. Social identity and psychosis: associations and psychological mechanisms. Schizophr. Bull. 44:681–90
    [Google Scholar]
  99. Mols F, Jetten J. 2017. The Wealth Paradox: Economic Prosperity and the Hardening of Attitudes Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  100. Muldoon OT, Acharya K, Jay S, Adhikari K, Pettigrew J, Lowe RD 2017. Community identity and collective efficacy: a social cure for traumatic stress in post-earthquake Nepal. Eur. J. Soc. Psychol. 47:904–15
    [Google Scholar]
  101. Muldoon OT, Haslam SA, Haslam C, Cruwys T, Kearns M, Jetten J 2019a. The social psychology of responses to trauma: pathways associated with different forms of social identity change. Eur. Rev. Soc. Psychol. 30:311–48
    [Google Scholar]
  102. Muldoon OT, Walsh RS, Curtain M, Crawley L, Kinsella EL 2019b. Social cure and social curse: social identity resources and adjustment to acquired brain injury. Eur. J. Soc. Psychol. 49:1272–82
    [Google Scholar]
  103. Nakagawa Y, Shaw R. 2004. Social capital: a missing link to disaster recovery. Int. J. Mass Emerg. Disast. 22:5–34
    [Google Scholar]
  104. Ng NWK, Haslam SA, Haslam C, Cruwys T 2018. “How can you make friends if you don't know who you are?” A qualitative examination of international students’ experience informed by the Social Identity Model of Identity Change. J. Community Appl. Soc. Psychol. 28:169–87
    [Google Scholar]
  105. Oakes PJ, Haslam SA, Turner JC 1994. Stereotyping and Social Reality Oxford, UK: Blackwell
  106. Postmes T, Branscombe NR. 2002. Influence of long-term racial environmental composition on subjective well-being in African Americans. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 83:735–51
    [Google Scholar]
  107. Postmes T, Wichmann LJ, van Valkengoed AM, van der Hoef H 2019. Social identification and depression: a meta-analysis. Eur. J. Soc. Psychol. 49:110–26
    [Google Scholar]
  108. Praharso NF, Tear MJ, Cruwys T 2017. Stressful life transitions and wellbeing: a comparison of the stress buffering hypothesis and the social identity model of identity change. Psychiatry Res 247:265–75
    [Google Scholar]
  109. Ramanathapillai R. 2006. The politicizing of trauma: a case study of Sri Lanka. Peace Confl 12:1–18
    [Google Scholar]
  110. Reiss F, Meyrose A-K, Otto C, Lampert T, Klasen F, Ravens-Sieberer U 2019. Socioeconomic stats, stressful life situations and mental health problems in children and adolescents: results of the German BELLA cohort-study. PLOS ONE 14:3e0213700
    [Google Scholar]
  111. Reynolds KJ, Branscombe NR. 2014. The Psychology of Change: Life Contexts, Experiences, and Identities New York: Psychol. Press
  112. Roberts BW, Wood D, Caspi A 2008. The development of personality traits in adulthoo. Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research OP John, RW Robins, LA Pervin 375–98 New York: Guilford
    [Google Scholar]
  113. Rubin M. 2012. Social class differences in social integration among students in higher education: a meta-analysis and recommendations for future research. J. Divers. High. Educ. 5:22–38
    [Google Scholar]
  114. Rubin M, Evans O, Wilkinson RB 2016. A longitudinal study of the relations between university students’ subjective social status, social contact with university friends, and mental health and well-being. J. Soc. Clin. Psychol. 35:722–37
    [Google Scholar]
  115. Rueger SY, Malecki CK, Pyun Y, Aycock C, Coyle S 2016. A meta-analytic review of the association between perceived social support and depression in childhood and adolescence. Psychol. Bull. 142:1017–67
    [Google Scholar]
  116. Sani F, Bowe M, Herrera M 2008. Perceived collective continuity and social well-being: exploring the connections. Eur. J. Soc. Psychol. 38:365–74
    [Google Scholar]
  117. Sani F, Wakefield JRH, Herrera M, Zeybek A 2017. On the association between greater family identification and lower family ideation among non-clinical individuals: evidence from Cypriot and Spanish students. J. Soc. Clin. Psychol. 36:396–418
    [Google Scholar]
  118. Schmid K, Muldoon OT. 2015. Perceived threat, social identification, and psychological well-being: the effects of political conflict exposure. Political Psychol 36:75–92
    [Google Scholar]
  119. Schwarzer R, Leppin A. 1991. Social support and health: a theoretical and empirical overview. J. Soc. Pers. Relatsh. 8:99–127
    [Google Scholar]
  120. Seifert R. 1996. The second front: the logic of sexual violence in wars. Women's Stud. Int. Forum 19:35–43
    [Google Scholar]
  121. Seymour-Smith M, Cruwys T, Haslam SA, Brodribb W 2017. Loss of group memberships predicts depression in postpartum mothers. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 52:201–10
    [Google Scholar]
  122. Smeekes A, Verkuyten M, Çelebi E, Acartürk C, Onkum S 2017. Social identity continuity and mental health in Syrian refugees in Turkey. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 52:1317–24
    [Google Scholar]
  123. Smith CE, Fernengel K, Holcroft C, Gerald K, Marien L 1994. Meta-analysis of the associations between social support and health outcomes. Ann. Behav. Med. 16:352–62
    [Google Scholar]
  124. Solnit R. 2009. A Paradise Built in Hell: The Extraordinary Communities That Arise in Disaster New York: Viking
  125. Specht J, Egloff B, Schmukle SC 2011. Stability and change of personality across the life course: the impact of age and major life events on mean-level and rank-order stability of the Big Five. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 101:862–82
    [Google Scholar]
  126. Steffens NK, Cruwys T, Haslam C, Jetten J, Haslam SA 2016a. Social group memberships in retirement are associated with reduced risk of premature death: evidence from a longitudinal cohort study. BMJ Open 6:e010164
    [Google Scholar]
  127. Steffens NK, Jetten J, Haslam C, Cruwys T, Haslam SA 2016b. Multiple social identities enhance health post-retirement because they are a basis for giving social support. Front. Psychol. 7:1519
    [Google Scholar]
  128. Steffens NK, LaRue CJ, Haslam C, Walter ZC, Cruwys T et al. 2019. Social identification-building interventions to improve health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Psychol. Rev In press. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2019.1669481
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  129. Steinert C, Hofmann M, Kruse J, Leichsenring F 2014. Relapse rates after psychotherapy for depression—stable long-term effects? A meta-analysis. J. Affect. Disord. 168:107–18
    [Google Scholar]
  130. Tajfel H. 1972. La catégorisation sociale. Introduction à la psychologie sociale S Moscovici 272–302 Paris: Larousse
    [Google Scholar]
  131. Tajfel H, Turner JC. 1979. An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations WG Austin, S Worchel 33–47 Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole
    [Google Scholar]
  132. Thoits PA. 1983. Dimensions of life events that influence psychological distress: an evaluation and synthesis of the literature. Psychosocial Stress: Trends in Theory and Research HB Kaplan 33–106 New York: Academic
    [Google Scholar]
  133. Turner JC. 1982. Toward a cognitive definition of the group. Social Identity and Intergroup Relations H Tajfel 15–40 Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  134. Turner JC. 1991. Social Influence Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole
  135. Turner JC, Hogg MA, Oakes PJ, Reicher SD, Wetherell MS 1987. Rediscovering the Social Group: A Self-Categorization Theory Oxford, UK: Blackwell
  136. Uchino BN, Bowen K, de Grey RK, Mikel J, Fisher EB 2018. Social support and physical health: models, mechanisms, and opportunities. Principles and Concepts of Behavioral Medicine E Fisher, L Cameron, AJ Christensen, U Ehlert, Y Guo, B Oldenburg, F Snoek 341–72 New York: Springer
    [Google Scholar]
  137. van Steenbergen EF, Ellemers N, Haslam SA, Urlings F 2008. There is nothing either good or bad but thinking makes it so: informational support and cognitive appraisal of the work-family interface. J. Occup. Organ. Psychol. 81:349–67
    [Google Scholar]
  138. Wade T, Kendler KS. 2000. The relationship between social support and major depression: cross-sectional, longitudinal, and genetic perspectives. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 188:251–58
    [Google Scholar]
  139. Walker J, Archer J, Davies M 2005. Effects of rape on men: a descriptive analysis. Arch. Sex. Behav. 34:69–80
    [Google Scholar]
  140. Walsh RS, Fortune DG, Gallagher S, Muldoon OT 2014. Acquired brain injury: combining social psychological and neuropsychological perspectives. Health Psychol. Rev. 8:458–72
    [Google Scholar]
  141. Walsh RS, Muldoon OT, Fortune DG, Gallagher S 2017. A longitudinal study of relationships between identity continuity and anxiety following brain injury. Front. Psychol. 8:648
    [Google Scholar]
  142. Williams R, Kemp V, Haslam SA, Haslam C, Bhui K, Bailey S 2019. Social Scaffolding Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
  143. Wilson BA, Winegardner J, Ashworth F 2014. Life After Brain Injury: Survivors’ Stories Hove, UK: Psychol. Press
  144. Wood D, Denissen JJA. 2015. A functional perspective on personality trait development. Psychology of Change: Life Contexts, Experiences, and Identities KJ Reynolds, NR Branscombe 97–115 New York: Psychol. Press
    [Google Scholar]
  145. Wood D, Spain SM, Denissen JJA 2014. Functional Explanations of Actions and Traits Winston-Salem, NC: Wake Forest Univ.
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-psych-060120-111721
Loading
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-psych-060120-111721
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error