Skip to main content
Log in

Comparison of Zinc Sulfate and Zinc Threonine Based on Zn Bioavailability and Performance of Broiler Chicks

  • Published:
Biological Trace Element Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to compare zinc sulfate and zinc threonine chelate based on Zn bioavailability and performance of broiler chicks. The study was conducted in a completely randomized design with 256 day-old Ross 308 chicks and eight treatments including control treatment (no zinc supplementation), three levels of zinc sulfate and zinc threonine chelate (40, 80, and 120 mg zinc per kg feed), and a common commercial chelate (Bioplex Zn®) supply 40 mg zinc per kg feed. The results of total period showed that threonine chelate group had the highest live weight compared with other treatments and lowest feed conversion ratio belonged to 80 and 120 ppm of zinc threonine chelate (p < 0.05). Zinc threonine chelate and commercial chelate treatments had the lowest cholesterol and LDL levels compared with other treatments (p < 0.05). Zinc chelate threonine which contains 80 and 120 ppm of zinc had the highest HDL and superoxide dismutase enzymes and the lowest heterophile to lymphocyte ratio compared with other treatments (p < 0.05). Relative bioavailability of zinc threonine to zinc sulfate based on body weight, feed conversion ratio, cholesterol, LDL, HDL, superoxide dismutase enzyme, ash, and zinc content in tibia were 418.75, 173.91, 131.38, 159.43, 278.63, 193.45, 156.46, and 117.65%, respectively. According to the results of broiler performance and other traits measured in this study, it seems that the use of 80 ppm of zinc threonine chelate in the broiler diet is recommended in comparison with zinc sulfate levels and other threonine chelate levels.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Salim HM, Jo C, Lee BD (2008) Zinc in broiler feeding and nutrition. Avian Biol Res 1(1):5–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Forbes RM (1984) Use of laboratory animals to define physiological functions and bioavailability of zinc. Fed Proc 43(13):2835–2839

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Underwood EJ, Suttle NF (1999) The mineral nutrition of livestock. CABI. International, Wallingford

    Book  Google Scholar 

  4. Suttle NF (2010) Mineral nutrition of livestock. Cabi, Wallingford

    Book  Google Scholar 

  5. Kratzer FH, Vohra P (1986) Chelates in nutrition. CRC Press, Boca Raton

    Google Scholar 

  6. Attia YA, Abd Al-Hamid AE, Zeweil HS, Qota EM, Bovera F, Monastra G, Sahledom MD (2013) Effect of dietary amounts of inorganic and organic zinc on productive and physiological traits of white Pekin ducks. Animal 7:895–900

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Bao YM, Choct M (2009) Trace mineral nutrition for broiler chickens and prospects of application of organically complexed trace minerals: a review. Anim Prod Sci 49:269–282

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Feng JWQM, Ma WQ, Niu HH, Wu XM, Wang Y (2010) Effects of zinc glycine chelate on growth, hematological, and immunological characteristics in broilers. Biol Trace Elem Res 133(2):203–211

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Behjatian, Esfahani M, Moravej H, Ghaffarzadeh M, Nehzati Paghaleh GA (2020) Comparison the Zn-threonine, Zn-methionine, and Zn oxide on performance, egg quality, Zn bioavailability, and Zn content in egg and excreta of laying hens. Biol Trace Elem Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02141-8

  10. Jahanian R, Moghaddam HN, Rezaei A (2008) Improved broiler chick performance by dietary supplementation of organic zinc sources. Asian Australas J Anim Sci 21(9):1348–1354

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Saleh AA, Ragab MM, Ahmed EA, Abudabos AM, Ebeid TA (2018) Effect of dietary zinc-methionine supplementation on growth performance, nutrient utilization, antioxidative properties and immune response in broiler chickens under high ambient temperature. J Appl Anim Res 46(1):820–827

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Norouzi E, Daneshyar M, Farhoomand P (2013) Dietary supplementation effects of zinc acetate and magnesium sulfate on performance and antioxidant status of broilers under continuous heat stress. Span J Agric Res 1:127–131

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Trinder P (1969) Determination of blood glucose using 4-amino phenazone as oxygen acceptor. J Clin Pathol 22(2):246

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Gross WB, Siegel HS (1983) Evaluation of the heterophil.lymphocyte ratio as a measure of stress in chickens. Avian Dis 27(4):972–979

  15. Natseba A, Lwalinda I, Kakura E, Muyanja CK, Muyonga JH (2005) Effect of pre-freezing icing duration on quality changes in frozen Nile perch (Lates niloticus). Food Res Int 38(4):469–474

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. AOAC )1990( Official methods of the association of official analytical chemissts. 15th ed, Washington Dc ,USA

  17. Minitab LLC (2017) Getting started with Minitab 18. Minitab Inc, State College, PA, USA, 73

  18. Steel RGD, Torrie JH, Dickey DA (1997) Principles and procedures of statistics: a biometrical approach, 3rd edition

  19. Ammerman CB, Baker DP, Lewis AJ (1995) Bioavailability of nutrients for animals: amino acids, minerals, vitamins. Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  20. Sahraei M, Janmohammadi H (2014) Relative bioavailability of different zinc sources based on tissue zinc concentration in broiler chickens. Iran J Appl Anim Sci 4(4):817–825

    Google Scholar 

  21. Littell RC, Henry PR, Lewis AJ, Ammerman CB (1997) Estimation of relative bioavailability of nutrients using SAS procedures. J Anim Sci 75(10):2672–2683

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Wang G, Liu LJ, Tao WJ, Xiao ZP, Pei X, Liu BJ, Wang MQ, Lin G, Ao TY (2019) Effects of replacing inorganic trace minerals with organic trace minerals on the production performance, blood profiles, and antioxidant status of broiler breeders. Poult Sci 98(7):2888–2895

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Müller IJF, Vissotto MR, Bittencourt LC, Riffel TE, Kaiser FL, Castro SP, Hermes GR (2019) Mineral supplementation: effects on bone integrity and intestinal morphometry of broiler chickens challenged with Eimeria sp. Acta Vet 69(1):88–105

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Hidayat C, Sumiati AJ, Wina E (2020) Effect of zinc on the immune response and production performance of broilers: a meta-analysis. Asian Australas J Anim Sci 33(3):465–479

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Sridhar K, Nagalakshmi D, Rao SR (2015) Effect of graded concentration of organic zinc (zinc glycinate) on skin quality, hematological and serum biochemical constituents in broiler chicken. Indian J Anim Sci 85:643–648

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Midilli M, Salman M, Hakan Muglali O, Ogretmen T, Cenesiz S, Ormanci N (2014) The effects of organic or inorganic zinc and microbial phytase, alone or in combination, on the performance, biochemical parameters and nutrient utilization of broilers fed a diet low in available phosphorus. Int J Biol Vet Agric Food Eng 20(1):99–106

    Google Scholar 

  27. Salgueiro MJ, Krebs N, Zubillaga MB, Weill R, Postaire E, Lysionek AE, Caro RA, De Paoli T, Hager A, Boccio J (2001) Zinc and diabetes mellitus. Biol Trace Elem Res 81(3):215–228

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Lü J, Combs GF Jr (1988) Effect of excess dietary zinc on pancreatic exocrine function in the chick. J Nutr 118(6):681–689

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Boukaiba N, Flament C, Acher S, Chappuis P, Piau A, Fusselier M, Dardenne M, Lemonnier D (1993) A physiological amount of zinc supplementation: effects on nutritional, lipid, and thymic status in an elderly population. Am J Clin Nutr 57(4):566–572

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Uyanik F, Eren M, Tuncoku G (2001) Effects of supplemental zinc on growth, serum glucose, cholesterol, enzymes and minerals in broilers. Pak J Biol Sci 4:745–747

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Wang JH, Wu CC, Feng J (2011) Effect of dietary antibacterial peptide and zinc-methionine on performance and serum biochemical parameters in piglets. Czech J Anim Sci 56(1):30–36

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Gibson GR, Roberfroid MB (1995) Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics. J Nutr 125(6):1401–1412

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Maknin ML, Piedmonte M, Calendine C (1998) Zinc gluconate lozenges for treating common cold in children. JAMA 279(24):1962–1967

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Venkataraman P, Sridhar M, Dhanammal S, Vijayababu MR, Srinivasan N, Arunakaran J (2004) Antioxidant role of zinc in PCB (Aroclor 1254) exposed ventral prostate of albino rats. J Nutr Biochem 15(10):608–613

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Skrovanek S, DiGuilio K, Bailey R, Huntington W, Urbas R, Mayilvaganan B, Mercogliano G, Mullin JM (2014) Zinc and gastrointestinal disease. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 5(4):496–513

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Prasad AS, Kucuk O (2002) Zinc in cancer prevention. Cancer Metastasis Rev 21(3–4):291–295

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Prasad AS (1997) The role of zinc in brain and nerve functions. In Metals and oxidative damage in neurological disorders. Springer, Boston, pp 95–111

    Book  Google Scholar 

  38. Chai W, Zakrzewski SS, Günzel D, Pieper R, Wang Z, Twardziok S, Janczyk P, Osterrieder N, Burwinkel M (2014) High-dose dietary zinc oxide mitigates infection with transmissible gastroenteritis virus in piglets. BMC Vet Res 10(1):75

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Moghaddam HN, Jahanian R (2009) Immunological responses of broiler chicks can be modulated by dietary supplementation of zinc-methionine in place of inorganic zinc sources. Asian Australas J Anim Sci 22(3):396–403

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Jahanian R, Yaghoubi MJ (2010, February) Dietary zinc source and level affect cellular and humoral immune functions in broiler chickens. In 2nd International Veterinary Poultry Congress Tehran Iran (p. 201)

  41. Aksu DS, Aksu T, Özsoy B (2010) The effects of lower supplementation levels of organically complexed minerals (zinc, copper and manganese) versus inorganic forms on hematological and biochemical parameters in broilers. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg 16(4):553–559

  42. Ebuehi OA, Akande GA (2009) Effect of zinc deficiency on memory, oxidative stress and blood chemistry in rats. Int J Biol Chem Sci 3(3):513–523

    Google Scholar 

  43. Canada AT, Calabrese EJ (1989) Superoxide dismutase: its role in xenobiotic detoxification. Pharmacol Ther 44(2):285–295

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Zhu K, Nie S, Li C, Huang J, Hu X, Li W, Gong D, Xie M (2013) Antidiabetic and pancreas-protective effects of zinc threoninate chelate in diabetic rats may be associated with its antioxidative stress ability. Biol Trace Elem Res 153(1–3):291–298

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. El-Husseiny OM, Hashish SM, Ali RA, Arafa SA, El-Samee LDA, Olemy AA (2012) Effects of feeding organic zinc, manganese and copper on broiler growth, carcass characteristics, bone quality and mineral content in bone, liver and excreta. Int J Poult Sci 11(6):368–377

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Kwiecień M, Winiarska-Mieczan A, Milczarek A, Tomaszewska E, Matras J (2016) Effects of zinc glycine chelate on growth performance, carcass characteristics, bone quality, and mineral content in bone of broiler chicken. Livest Sci 191:43–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Jahanian R, Rasouli E (2014) Effects of dietary substitution of zinc-methionine for inorganic zinc sources on growth performance, tissue zinc accumulation and some blood parameters in broiler chicks. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 99(1):50–58

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hossein Moravej.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Farhadi Javid, S., Moravej, H., Ghaffarzadeh, M. et al. Comparison of Zinc Sulfate and Zinc Threonine Based on Zn Bioavailability and Performance of Broiler Chicks. Biol Trace Elem Res 199, 2303–2311 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02354-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02354-x

Keywords

Navigation