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Modified stainless steel microneedle electrode for polyphenolics detection

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Abstract

This work outlines a simple fabricated microneedle electrode for sensitive and real sample monitoring of plant polyphenolics. The electrode was fabricated by layer-by-layer assembly (LBL) with nanocomposite of carbon nanotubes (CNT) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) as the first layer, followed by polyaniline (PANI), and finally, the 3-(glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GOPS) layer as the binding agent. The microneedle electrodes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The developed microneedle electrodes were successfully applied for the capacitive detection of gallic acid (GA) and chlorogenic acid (CA) as polyphenol model compounds. The microneedle electrode was also used to quantify polyphenols in orange juice. The electrochemical capacitance responses were linearly proportional to the concentrations of GA and CA in the range of 0.1–87.23 μg/mL for GA and 0.1–78.01 μg/mL for CA. The calculated detection limits (LOD) for GA and CA were found to be 0.29 ± 0.2 μg/mL and 0.34 ± 0.2 μg/mL respectively. As minimally invasive technology, microneedle electrodes were found to be promising for successful in situ screening of antioxidants in different fruit matrices. The microneedle electrodes were also applied to the depth profiling of antioxidant content in fruit samples.

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Abbreviations

APS:

Ammonium peroxydisulfate

Amp:

Amperometry

AuMCs:

Gold microclusters

CA:

Chlorogenic acid

CNT:

Carbon nanotubes

CNC:

Cellulose nanocrystals

CCE:

Carbon ceramic electrode

CS:

Chitosan

ChCl:

Chlorine chloride

CPE:

Carbon paste electrode

COF:

Covalent organic framework

CV:

Cyclic voltammetry

DPV:

Differential pulse voltammetry

Delph:

Delphinidin

DMC:

Defective mesoporous carbon

DMTP:

2,5-Dimethoxyterephaldehyde

EIS:

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

ERGO:

Electrochemically reduced graphene oxide

FIA:

Flow injection amperometry

fFe2O3 :

Fishbone-shaped Fe2O3

FTO:

Flourine doped tin oxide

GOPS:

3-(Glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane

GA:

Gallic acid

GCE:

Glassy carbon electrode

IL:

Ionic liquid

LBL:

layer by layer

LOD:

Limit of detection

MIP:

Molecularly imprinted polymer

MIL-100(Fe):

Metal organic framework

MIS:

Molecularly imprinted siloxane

MPC:

Macroporous carbon

MWCNT:

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes

NPs:

Nanoparticles

PANI:

Polyaniline

PME:

Polymelamine electrode

PmPD:

Poly(m-phenylenediamine)

PAL:

Palygorskite

PEP:

Polyepinephrine

PEG:

Pencil graphite electrode

PDDA:

Poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)

POM:

Polyoxometalates

rGO:

Reduced graphene oxide

SF:

Sulfonate

SPCE:

Screen-printed carbon electrode

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

SWV:

Square wave voltammetry

TABP:

1,3,5-Tris(4-aminophenyl)benzene

TNrGO:

Titanium nitride doped graphene oxide

TPM:

3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate

VTMS:

Vinyltrimethoxysilane

WCrGO:

Wolfram carbide doped graphene oxide

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Acknowledgments

Mugo research group acknowledges funding from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) and MacEwan University Research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physical Sciences, MacEwan University, Edmonton, AB, T5J 4S2, Canada

    Dhanjai, Samuel M. Mugo & Weihao Lu

  2. Department of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Concordia University of Edmonton, Edmonton, AB, T5B 4E4, Canada

    Dhanjai

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Correspondence to Samuel M. Mugo.

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Dhanjai, Mugo, S.M. & Lu, W. Modified stainless steel microneedle electrode for polyphenolics detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 412, 7063–7072 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-020-02836-w

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