Abstract
Mitochondrial abnormalities accelerate the progression of ischemic brain damage. Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) is mainly found in mitochondria and affects almost all major aspects of mitochondrial function. Luteolin, a flavonoid with diverse biological properties, including antioxidant activity, inhibition of cell apoptosis and regulation of autophagy. It also modulates the activity of AMP activated kinase and/or sirtuin 1 (SIRT 1) by regulating the expression of sirtuins. We investigated the protective effects of luteolin on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. It was found through experiments that luteolin reduced the infarcted area of MCAO rat model, and based on the experimental results, it was inferred that luteolin affected the AMPK, mTOR and SIRT3 pathways, thereby protecting brain cells. As expected, we found that luteolin can reduce the neurological function score, the degree of cerebral edema, the cerebral infarction volume, alleviate morphological changes in the cortex and hippocampus, increase neuron survival and decrease the number of apoptotic neurons. At the same time, luteolin significantly reduced the number of GFAP and Iba-1 positive glial cells in the hippocampus while enhanced the scavenging of oxygen free radicals and the activity of SOD in mitochondria. Addtionally, it can also enhance antioxidant capacity via the reversal of mitochondrial swelling and the mitochondrial transmembrane potential. Moreover, luteolin can increase SIRT3-targeted expression in mitochondria, decrease the phosphorylation of AMPK, and increase phosphor-mTOR (p-mTOR) levels, which may have occurred specifically through activation of the SIRT3/AMPK/mTOR pathway. We speculate that luteolin reduces the pathological progression of CIRI by increasing SIRT3 expression and enhancing mitochondrial function. Therefore, the results indicate that luteolin can increase the transduction of SIRT3, providing a potential mechanism for neuroprotective effects in patients with cerebral ischemia.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Zhang Y, Wang Y, Xu J, Tian F, Hu S, Chen Y, Fu Z (2019) Melatonin attenuates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury via improving mitochondrial fusion/mitophagy and activating the AMPK-OPA1 signaling pathways. J Pineal Res 66:e12542
Hu J, Pang WS, Han J, Zhang K, Zhang JZ, Chen LD (2018) Gualou Guizhi decoction reverses brain damage with cerebral ischemic stroke, multi-component directed multi-target to screen calcium-overload inhibitors using combination of molecular docking and protein-protein docking. J Enzyme Inhibit Med Chem 33:115–125
Liu F, Lu J, Manaenko A, Tang J, Hu Q (2018) Mitochondria in ischemic stroke: new insight and implications. Ag Dis 9:924–937
Wei H, Li Y, Han S, Liu S, Zhang N, Zhao L, Li S, Li J (2016) cPKCgamma-modulated autophagy in neurons alleviates ischemic injury in brain of mice with ischemic stroke through Akt-mTOR pathway. Translat Stroke Res 7:497–511
Huang JL, Manaenko A, Ye ZH, Sun XJ, Hu Q (2016) Hypoxia therapy–a new hope for the treatment of mitochondrial dysfunctions. Med Gas Res 6:174–176
Amigo I, da Cunha FM, Forni MF, Garcia-Neto W, Kakimoto PA, Luevano-Martinez LA, Macedo F, Menezes-Filho SL, Peloggia J, Kowaltowski AJ (2016) Mitochondrial form, function and signalling in aging. Biochem J 473:3421–3449
Kim SC, Sprung R, Chen Y, Xu Y, Ball H, Pei J, Cheng T, Kho Y, Xiao H, Xiao L, Grishin NV, White M, Yang XJ, Zhao Y (2006) Substrate and functional diversity of lysine acetylation revealed by a proteomics survey. Mol cell 23:607–618
Wang XQ, Shao Y, Ma CY, Chen W, Sun L, Liu W, Zhang DY, Fu BC, Liu KY, Jia ZB, Xie BD, Jiang SL, Li RK, Tian H (2014) Decreased SIRT3 in aged human mesenchymal stromal/stem cells increases cellular susceptibility to oxidative stress. J Cell Mol Med 18:2298–2310
Finley LW, Haas W, Desquiret-Dumas V, Wallace DC, Procaccio V, Gygi SP, Haigis MC (2011) Succinate dehydrogenase is a direct target of sirtuin 3 deacetylase activity. PloS one 6:e23295
Osborne B, Cooney GJ, Turner N (2014) Are sirtuin deacylase enzymes important modulators of mitochondrial energy metabolism? Biochimica et biophysica acta 1840:1295–1302
Fu J, Jin J, Cichewicz RH, Hageman SA, Ellis TK, Xiang L, Peng Q, Jiang M, Arbez N, Hotaling K, Ross CA, Duan W (2012) trans-(-)-epsilon-Viniferin increases mitochondrial sirtuin 3 (SIRT3), activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and protects cells in models of Huntington Disease. J Biol Chem 87:24460–24472
Pillai VB, Sundaresan NR, Kim G, Gupta M, Rajamohan SB, Pillai JB, Samant S, Ravindra PV, Isbatan A, Gupta MP (2010) Exogenous NAD blocks cardiac hypertrophic response via activation of the SIRT3-LKB1-AMP-activated kinase pathway. J Biol Chem 285:3133–3144
Dai SH, Chen T, Li X, Yue KY, Luo P, Yang LK, Zhu J, Wang YH, Fei Z, Jiang XF (2017) Sirt3 confers protection against neuronal ischemia by inducing autophagy: Involvement of the AMPK-mTOR pathway. Free Radical Biol Med 108:345–353
Lai YC, Tabima DM, Dube JJ, Hughan KS, Vanderpool RR, Goncharov DA, St Croix CM, Garcia-Ocana A, Goncharova EA, Tofovic SP, Mora AL, Gladwin MT (2016) SIRT3-AMP-activated protein kinase activation by nitrite and metformin improves hyperglycemia and normalizes pulmonary hypertension associated with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Circulation 133:717–731
Morrison A, Chen L, Wang J, Zhang M, Yang H, Ma Y, Budanov A, Lee JH, Karin M, Li J (2015) Sestrin2 promotes LKB1-mediated AMPK activation in the ischemic heart. FASEB J 29:408–417
Sanli T, Linher-Melville K, Tsakiridis T, Singh G (2012) Sestrin2 modulates AMPK subunit expression and its response to ionizing radiation in breast cancer cells. PloS one 7:e32035
Lopez-Lazaro M (2009) Distribution and biological activities of the flavonoid luteolin. Mini Rev Med Chem 9:31–59
Hytti M, Piippo N, Korhonen E, Honkakoski P, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A (2015) Fisetin and luteolin protect human retinal pigment epithelial cells from oxidative stress-induced cell death and regulate inflammation. Sci Rep 5:17645
Lin TY, Lu CW, Wang SJ (2016) Luteolin protects the hippocampus against neuron impairments induced by kainic acid in rats. Neurotoxicology 55:48–57
Qiao H, Dong L, Zhang X, Zhu C, Zhang X, Wang L, Liu Z, Chen L, Xing Y, Wang C, Li Y (2012) Protective effect of luteolin in experimental ischemic stroke: upregulated SOD1, CAT, Bcl-2 and claudin-5, down-regulated MDA and Bax expression. Neurochem Res 37:2014–2024
Siracusa R, Paterniti I, Impellizzeri D, Cordaro M, Crupi R, Navarra M, Cuzzocrea S, Esposito E (2015) The association of palmitoylethanolamide with luteolin decreases neuroinflammation and stimulates autophagy in Parkinson's disease model. CNS Neurol Disorders Drug Targets 14:1350–1365
Kwon Y (2017) Luteolin as a potential preventive and therapeutic candidate for Alzheimer's disease. Exp Gerontol 95:39–43
Tambe R, Patil A, Jain P, Sancheti J, Somani G, Sathaye S (2017) Assessment of luteolin isolated from Eclipta alba leaves in animal models of epilepsy. Pharmaceut Biol 55:264–268
Longa EZ, Weinstein PR, Carlson S, Cummins R (1989) Reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion without craniectomy in rats. Stroke 20:84–91
Liu Y, Yang H, Jia G, Li L, Chen H, Bi J, Wang C (2018) The Synergistic neuroprotective effects of combined rosuvastatin and resveratrol pretreatment against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 27:1697–1704
Xu J, Wang H, Ding K, Zhang L, Wang C, Li T, Wei W, Lu X (2014) Luteolin provides neuroprotection in models of traumatic brain injury via the Nrf2-ARE pathway. Free Radical Biol Med 71:186–195
Sun J, Tong L, Luan Q, Deng J, Li Y, Li Z, Dong H, Xiong L (2012) Protective effect of delayed remote limb ischemic postconditioning: role of mitochondrial K(ATP) channels in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemic reperfusion injury. J Cerebral Blood Flow Metabol 32:851–859
Zhang M, Deng YN, Zhang JY, Liu J, Li YB, Su H, Qu QM (2018) SIRT3 protects rotenone-induced injury in SH-SY5Y cells by promoting autophagy through the LKB1-AMPK-mTOR pathway. Ag Dis 9:273–286
Fu X, Zhang J, Guo L, Xu Y, Sun L, Wang S, Feng Y, Gou L, Zhang L, Liu Y (2014) Protective role of luteolin against cognitive dysfunction induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 126:122–130
Singleton RH, Yan HQ, Fellows-Mayle W, Dixon CE (2010) Resveratrol attenuates behavioral impairments and reduces cortical and hippocampal loss in a rat controlled cortical impact model of traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 27:1091–1099
Lopez MS, Dempsey RJ, Vemuganti R (2015) Resveratrol neuroprotection in stroke and traumatic CNS injury. Neurochem Int 89:75–82
Kim DH, Yoon BH, Jung WY, Kim JM, Park SJ, Park DH, Huh Y, Park C, Cheong JH, Lee KT, Shin CY, Ryu JH (2010) Sinapic acid attenuates kainic acid-induced hippocampal neuronal damage in mice. Neuropharmacology 59:20–30
Zhang Q, Zhang J, Yan Y, Zhang P, Zhang W, Xia R (2017) Proinflammatory cytokines correlate with early exercise attenuating anxiety-like behavior after cerebral ischemia. Brain Behav 7:e00854
Wang Y, Huang Y, Xu Y, Ruan W, Wang H, Zhang Y, Saavedra JM, Zhang L, Huang Z, Pang T (2018) A dual AMPK/Nrf2 activator reduces brain inflammation after stroke by enhancing microglia M2 polarization. Antioxidants Redox Signal 28:141–163
Qiu Y, Pan J, Li Y, Li X, Li M, Abukhousa I, Wang Y (2011) Relationship between activated astrocytes and hypoxic cerebral tissue in a rat model of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Int J Neurosci 121:1–7
Liu Z, Chopp M (2016) Astrocytes, therapeutic targets for neuroprotection and neurorestoration in ischemic stroke. Progress Neurobiol 144:103–120
Ma Y, Wang J, Wang Y, Yang GY (2017) The biphasic function of microglia in ischemic stroke. Progress Neurobiol 157:247–272
Aimone JB, Deng W, Gage FH (2010) Adult neurogenesis: integrating theories and separating functions. Trends Cognit Sci 14:325–337
Voloboueva LA, Giffard RG (2011) Inflammation, mitochondria, and the inhibition of adult neurogenesis. J Neurosci Res 89:1989–1996
Rola R, Raber J, Rizk A, Otsuka S, VandenBerg SR, Morhardt DR, Fike JR (2004) Radiation-induced impairment of hippocampal neurogenesis is associated with cognitive deficits in young mice. Exp Neurol 188:316–330
Esenwa CC, Elkind MS (2016) Inflammatory risk factors, biomarkers and associated therapy in ischaemic stroke. Nat Rev Neurol 12:594–604
Wilson AA, Sadovski O, Nobrega JN, Raymond RJ, Bambico FR, Nashed MG, Garcia A, Bloomfield PM, Houle S, Mizrahi R, Tong J (2017) Evaluation of a novel radiotracer for positron emission tomography imaging of reactive oxygen species in the central nervous system. Nuclear Med Biol 53:14–20
Andrabi SS, Parvez S, Tabassum H (2017) Progesterone induces neuroprotection following reperfusion-promoted mitochondrial dysfunction after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Dis Models Mech 10:787–796
Cheng Y, Ren X, Gowda AS, Shan Y, Zhang L, Yuan YS, Patel R, Wu H, Huber-Keener K, Yang JW, Liu D, Spratt TE, Yang JM (2013) Interaction of Sirt3 with OGG1 contributes to repair of mitochondrial DNA and protects from apoptotic cell death under oxidative stress. Cell Death Dis 4:e731
Rhee SG, Bae SH (2015) The antioxidant function of sestrins is mediated by promotion of autophagic degradation of Keap1 and Nrf2 activation and by inhibition of mTORC1. Free Radical Biol Med 88:205–211
Zhao W, Zhang L, Chen R, Lu H, Sui M, Zhu Y, Zeng L (2018) SIRT3 protects against acute kidney injury via AMPK/mTOR-Regulated autophagy. Front Physiol 9:1526
Deng W, Cha J, Yuan J, Haraguchi H, Bartos A, Leishman E, Viollet B, Bradshaw HB, Hirota Y, Dey SK (2016) p53 coordinates decidual sestrin 2/AMPK/mTORC1 signaling to govern parturition timing. J Clin Invest 126:2941–2954
Li N, Huang D, Lu N, Luo L (2015) Role of the LKB1/AMPK pathway in tumor invasion and metastasis of cancer cells (Review). Oncol Rep 34:2821–2826
Dunlop EA, Tee AR (2013) The kinase triad, AMPK, mTORC1 and ULK1, maintains energy and nutrient homoeostasis. Biochem Soc Trans 41:939–943
Yin L, Ye S, Chen Z, Zeng Y (2012) Rapamycin preconditioning attenuates transient focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice. Int J Neurosci 122:748–756
Fletcher L, Evans TM, Watts LT, Jimenez DF, Digicaylioglu M (2013) Rapamycin treatment improves neuron viability in an in vitro model of stroke. PloS one 8:e68281
Yang GS, Zhou XY, An XF, Liu XJ, Zhang YJ, Yu D (2018) mTOR is involved in stroke-induced seizures and the anti-seizure effect of mild hypothermia. Mol Med Rep 17:5821–5829
Xie R, Wang P, Ji X, Zhao H (2013) Ischemic post-conditioning facilitates brain recovery after stroke by promoting Akt/mTOR activity in nude rats. J Neurochem 127:723–732
Liu P, Yang X, Hei C, Meli Y, Niu J, Sun T, Li PA (2016) Rapamycin reduced ischemic brain damage in diabetic animals is associated with suppressions of mTOR and ERK1/2 signaling. Int J Biol Sci 12:1032–1040
Li H, Liu S, Yuan H, Niu Y, Fu L (2017) Sestrin 2 induces autophagy and attenuates insulin resistance by regulating AMPK signaling in C2C12 myotubes. Exp Cell Res 354:18–24
Um SH, Frigerio F, Watanabe M, Picard F, Joaquin M, Sticker M, Fumagalli S, Allegrini PR, Kozma SC, Auwerx J, Thomas G (2004) Absence of S6K1 protects against age- and diet-induced obesity while enhancing insulin sensitivity. Nature 431:200–205
Funding
This project is supported by the Jilin Province Development and Reform Commission Fund 2019C050-3
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Liu, S., Su, Y., Sun, B. et al. Luteolin Protects Against CIRI, Potentially via Regulation of the SIRT3/AMPK/mTOR Signaling Pathway. Neurochem Res 45, 2499–2515 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-020-03108-w
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-020-03108-w